Home | Volume 46 | Article number 105

Research

Hysterosalpingographic, ultrasonographic and clinical profile of infertile women in Butembo, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Hysterosalpingographic, ultrasonographic and clinical profile of infertile women in Butembo, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Dieumerci Kaseso1,&, Justine Valyananzighu1,2, Olivier Mulisya3, Baraka Munyanderu1, Philemon Matumo1,4, Charles Posite1, Alexandre Amini5, Ahuka Ona Longombe6

 

1Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Graben, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Catholic University of Graben Teaching Hospital, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, FEPSI Hospital, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 4Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Matanda Hospital, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 5Department of Urology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salam, Tanzania, 6Department of General Surgery, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Repulic of Congo

 

 

&Corresponding author
Dieumerci Kaseso, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Graben, Butembo, Democratic Republic of Congo

 

 

Abstract

Introduction: infertility is a reproductive health issue in modern society. In developing countries, ultrasonography and hysterosalpingography (HSG) are first-line exams investigating infertility in women. It is a highly reported issue in Africa and is linked to abnormalities diagnosed by medical imagery investigations. Our research aimed to evaluate ultrasonography and HSG usage in female infertility investigation in eastern DR Congo, and to point out the most frequent lesions in infertile women in this area.

 

Methods: it was a cross-sectional research. It included 1024 patients in four equipped hospitals with HSG and ultrasonography, who consulted from January 1st, 2019 up to December 31st, 2021. Data were collected from consultation dossiers and imagery protocols.

 

Results: of 1024 patients, the mean age was 30.85±5.05 years, 41.79 % (n=428) had primary infertility and 57.71% (n=591) had secondary infertility with parity ranges 1.28±1.25, abortion 1.17±1.33. HSG usage rate was 26.85% (n=275) whereas ultrasonography was 66.01%(n=749). The prevalent diagnosed lesions were uterine myomas 10.51 % (n=71), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 8.28%(n=56), endometrial dysplasia 7.99% (n=54), ovarian cysts 5.03% (n=34) at ultrasonography and tubal obstructions 53.45 %(n=147), hydrosalpinx 4.73% (n=13), cervical impotence 3.27% (n=9), uterine synechias 2.55%(n=7), müllerian abnomalies 2.55%(n=7), uterine retroversion 2.18% (n=6) at HSG. History of upper genital infection was a risk factor aOR= 3.71, 95%CI 1,55-8,88; p <0.001 for tubal obstruction to HSG.

 

Conclusion: the high prevalence of tubal and uterine abnormalities in infertile women of eastern DR Congo, ultrasonography, and HSG should be more performed exams in clinical practice in low-income countries.

 

 

Introduction    Down

Infertility is defined as failure to get pregnant after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse [1,2]. Worldwide, 186 million people suffer from infertility, the majority in developing countries [3]. It affects 8 to 12% of reproductive-aged couples, with 20% to 35% due to women [4,5]. In women, infertility is caused by abnormalities of the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and the endocrine system [6]. After hormonal analysis, medical imagery is the main complementary exam in its investigation [7]. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) and ultrasonography serve as the main tools to explore the anatomy and function of the reproductive system and then to rule out causes and factors of infertility in women [8].

In the USA, 19% to 26% of women aged 15 to 49 years consult for infertility [9], with the most commonly diagnosed lesions: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and tubal anomalies respectively in 30%, 20% and 11% [10]. In France, around 150,000 women consult for infertility each year [11]. In Africa, infertility affects 21% of couples, with 37% due to women [12]; the most frequently reported causes are tubal obstructions 42% to 55%, uterine pathologies 10% to 15% and ovarian dystrophies 5 à 7% [13,14]. In Nigeria, 25% of women of reproductive age were reported infertile with tubal obstructions 39.5%, uterine abnormalities 30 % and ovarian cysts 13% in 2008 [15]; in Ghana, they reported 43.6 % tubal obstructions, 25.4 % pelvic adherence, 13.4% of hydrosalpinx, 5.4% of endometrial dysplasia in infertile women [16]; and in Cameroon tubal obstructions 36.6%, uterine abnormalities 12.5%, uterine myomas 6.7%, cervical impotence 5.8% and peritoneal adherence 5.8% [17]. In Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), they reported tubal obstructions 72.31%, peritoneal adherence 10.77%, uterine myomas 8.46%, uterine malformations 6.15% and uterine retroversion 4.62% in women with infertility in Kisangani [18]; and tubal obstructions and pelvic adherence 61.9%, ovarian dystrophies 41%, uterine pathologies (synechias, endometriosis and myomas) 4.8%, cervico-isthmic impotence 3% in Goma [19]. Reproductive system abnormalities and pathologies come as common problems in female infertility in African regions. Still, in some areas, few women undergo HSG and ultrasonography; many others use auto medication without any investigation [20]. Our research aimed to evaluate the rate of HSG and ultrasonography usage in the clinical investigation of infertility in women of Butembo DR Congo and the most frequently diagnosed lesions.

 

 

Methods Up    Down

Study design and setting: this research was conducted in Butembo, eastern DR Congo, in four referral hospitals: Teaching Hospital of Graben, Wanamahika Hospital, Matanda Hospital and FEPSI Hospital. The four hospitals selected have all a gynecologist and imaging equipment. The labels were « Zoncare-V3 2D» for ultrasonography in the four Hospitals and « Siemens Opti 150/12/50 C » for Rx HSG at Matanda Hospital and Wanamahika, and « Kimray Medical » for Rx HSG at Teaching Hospital of Graben and FEPSI.

Study population: our research was a descriptive cross-sectional that included 1024 patients aged 18 years to 45 years old who consulted for infertility in the 4 hospitals from January 1st 2019 and December 31st, 2021. Included in our research, were all the patients aged from 18 to 45 years, living with a partner with regular sexual intercourse for 1 year or more, who consulted for infertility. Our sample was exhaustive, taking all the patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria.

Data collection: data were collected from medical records of patients, with a complete protocol of HSG and/or ultrasonography.

Statistical analysis: they were processed with Epi Info version 7.2.4.0. We included 9 variables: age, marital status, origin, type of infertility, medical and surgical background, history of genital infections, diagnosed lesions at ultrasonography, and HSG. The khi-2 test and odds ratio served to evaluate dependence among variables.

Ethical considerations: participant's identity was kept secret, and our research didn´t use any invasive procedure. Data were collected after the approval of the Ethical Committee of each selected hospital.

 

 

Results Up    Down

General characteristics of the study population: our research included 1024 patients. The use of ultrasonography was at 66.01% (n=676) and HSG was at 26.85% (n=275). The age of patients ranged from 18 to 45 years with an average of 30.85 years; 97.46% were married and 2.54 % were single; 89.26% were from urban areas and 10.74 % from rural areas, 40.33% (n=413) consulted for primary infertility and 59.67% (n=611) had secondary infertility. The demographic characteristics and the histories of patients are presented in Table 1, depending on the type of infertility.

The results of ultrasonography: the results of ultrasonography are presented in Table 2. Out of 676 cases of ultrasonography, 33.58% (n=227) were abnormal and 66.42% (n=449) were normal. The prevalent diagnosed lesions were uterine myomas 10.51 % (n=71), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) 8.28% (n=56), endometrial dysplasia 7.99% (n=54), ovarian cysts 5.03% (n=34). Uterine hypoplasia was observed in 1.77% (n=12) patients. Uterine anomalies were most prevalent at 20.27% (n=137).

The results of HSG: the results of HSG are presented in Table 3. Of 275 cases of HSG, 195 (70.91%) were abnormal and 80 (29.09%) were normal. The abnormalities observed were tubal obstructions 53.45 %(n=147), hydrosalpinx 4.73% (n=13), cervical impotence 3.27% (n=9), uterine synechias 2.55%(n=7), müllerian anomalies 2.55%(n=7), uterine retroversion 2.18% (n=6) at HSG. The most prevalent lesions were tubal obstructions, 53.45% (n=147).

Factors associated with tubal obstruction: the specific risk for tubal obstructions at HSG based on the history of genital infections is shown in Table 4. There was a significant risk of 3.71 (aOR= 3.71, 95%CI 1,55-8,88; p <0.001) between the history of upper genital infection and the presence of tubal obstruction at HSG in patients.

 

 

Discussion Up    Down

Our research aimed to evaluate the rate of HSG and ultrasonography usage in the clinical investigation of infertility in women of Butembo DR Congo and the most frequently diagnosed lesions. It included 1024 patients who consulted for infertility; the average age was 30.85 years. Ultrasonography usage was 66.01% and HSG 26.85%. The most prevalent findings at ultrasonography were myomas at 10.50%, endometrial dysplasia at 7.99%, uterine hypoplasia at 1.78% and tubal obstructions at 53.45%, hydrosalpinx 4.73%, cervical impotence at 3.27 % at HSG. History of upper genital infection was a risk factor aOR= 3.71, 95%CI 1,55-8,88; p <0.001) for tubal obstruction to HSG. In general, female fertility decreases from the age of 35 years, due to ovulatory dysfunctions and other hormonal pathologies [21]. Our results were similar to other research in Kisangani DR Congo, Uganda, Cameroon, and Ghana with average ages between 31.7 to 33.52 years [16-18,22]. The rate of ultrasonography usage was 66.01% in our research and 26.85% for HSG. In normal conditions, these exams should be performed as the first line in female infertility investigation after hormonal screening [23]. Nevertheless, the low rate of HSG use in clinical practice may be related to the economic burden of this exam and its invasive character in our context; by the way, Maggie Williams et al. [24] in the United Kingdom and La Fianza A et al. [25] in Italy reported that HSG constitutes a source of anxiety for patients due to its invasive aspect, besides it is an economic burden for African health system [26]. However, there was no major difference in proportion neither between a number of ultrasonographies nor HSG performed, based on the sociodemographic background of patients.

Clinical history (Table 1), came to be a factor in infertility onset in women. It is the case of endo-uterine curettage, tubal surgery, or genital infection [27], especially endo-uterine curettage is reported to be a risk factor of Asherman syndrome, characterized by endo-uterine adherence after traumatic or inflammatory reactions [28,29]. Regarding the prevalence of reproductive system anomalies on ultrasound Table 2), uterine anomalies were most prevalent (20.27%), with a significant association between endometrial dysplasia and secondary infertility (p=0.01) and between uterine hypoplasia and primary infertility in patients (p=0.02). The specific uterine lesions on ultrasound were 20.27% (myomas 10.50%, endometrial dysplasia 7.99%, uterine hypoplasy 1.78%), ovarian lesions 13.3% (PCOS 8.28%, and ovarian organic cysts 5.03%) and a normal ultrasonographic result 66.42%. As it has been found in our research, Porcu G and Heckenroth H reported a prevalence of 5 to 10% of myomas in infertile females [30]. It is nevertheless an exceptionally isolated cause of infertility [31]. Myomas can lead to infertility by hampering the normal process of nidation and abortion induction by reducing the uterine capacity to carry the pregnancy [32]. Otherwise, among ovarian lesions, PCOS was most prevalent at 8.28%. This was similar to the results of Brassard et al. where PCOS represented 10 % of causes of infertility in women, in particular primary infertility [33]. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) leads to infertility by anovulation; thus 50% of women with PCOS present primary infertility and 25% secondary infertility; it is reported the cause of 70% of infertility by ovulation [34,35]. In the literature, it is reported a prevalence of 5% of adenomyosis in female infertility [36]. Yet, our research didn´t report any. This can be related to ultrasonographic sensitivity in our context, its diagnosis requires supplementary skills of the radiologists.

For HSG results, we found the following results (Table 3): tubal obstructions 53.45%, hydrosalpinx 4.73%, cervical impotence 3.27%, endometrial polyps 2.8%, uterine synechia 2.55% and uterine abnormalities 2.55%. These results were similar to those reported in Kisangani, DR Congo, where a prevalence of tubal obstructions of 72.31% was reported at HSG in infertile women [18]; and in Goma Mushabaa K et Labama L reported a prevalence of 67.6% of tubal obstructions in etiology of female infertility [19]. In other African countries: in Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda tubal obstructions were reported respectively at a rate of 43.50%, 30.01%, 36.60%, and 52.90 % in infertile females [12,16,17,22]. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) comes as an important exam taking into account the high proportion of tubal factors in infertile females throughout African countries [16,17,37]. Many factors explain this high prevalence, in particular concern, genital infection (Table 4) constituted a risk factor of tubal obstruction with 3.71 à IC 95% (1.55-8.88) risk of tubal occlusion in patients with a history of upper genital infection. In general, it is assumed that genital infections represent a high risk of post-infectious adherence, particularly the infection of chlamydia trachomatis [38,39]. That way, our results fitted with Egbe TO et al. who reported a risk of 7.3 of tubal occlusion in patients with a history of genital infections in Cameroon, mostly due to complications of postpartum or post-abortum in low asepsis settings [40]. In this research, we had the limitation of low rate of HSG performed compared to ultrasonography, to get more statistical significance. Nevertheless, it gave an overview on the clinical investigation of infertility in Eastern DR Congo and the prevalence of subsequent lesions in infertile women. This can serve as a springboard for prospective studies and an orientation for medical professionals in this area, investigating infertility.

 

 

Conclusion Up    Down

Our research included 1024 patients who consulted for female infertility in four gynecological referral hospitals of Butembo, eastern DR Congo, from the 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2021. The rate of ultrasonography use was higher than HSG use. The most prevalent lesions in our patients were uterine myomas and PCOS at ultrasonography; tubal obstructions and hydrosalpinx at HSG. Tubal obstructions came as a prevalent lesion in infertile women in Butembo, with genital infection as a major risk.

What is known about this topic

  • Infertility in women is an emerging issue in Africa;
  • Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is less performed in investigation of infertility in some African areas;
  • Infertility is reported to be linked in Africa highly to tubal abnormalities, investigated by HSG.

What this study adds

  • Both ultrasonography and hysterosalpingography (HSG) are important exams to conduct in women´s infertility investigation in Africa, to explore the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tube, respectively;
  • Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is less performed than ultrasonography in daily clinical investigation of infertility in women, in some African areas;
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine myomas, and tubal obstructions are frequent lesions in infertile women in some African areas.

 

 

Competing interests Up    Down

The authors declare no competing interests.

 

 

Authors' contributions Up    Down

Conceptualization: Dieumerci Kaseso and Justine Valyananzighu. Data collection: Dieumerci Kaseso, Justine Valyananzighu, Philemon Matumo, Baraka Munyanderu, and Olivier Mulisya. Analysis: Dieumerci Kaseso, Justine Valyananzighu, Ahuka Ona Longombe, and Alexandre Amini. Writing original draft preparation: Dieumerci Kaseso, Olivier Mulisya, Baraka Munyanderu, Philemon Matumo, Charles Posite, Alexandre Amini and Ahuka Ona Longombe. Supervision: Olivier Mulisya, Baraka Munyanderu, Philemon Matumo, Charles Posite, Alexandre Amini and Ahuka Ona Longombe. Guarantor of the study: Dieumerci Kaseso. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

 

 

Acknowledgments Up    Down

The authors Dieumerci Kaseso and Alexandre Amini are grateful to the NGO Förderverein Uni Kinshasa e.V. - BEBUC/Else-Kroener-Fresenius Stiftung for their support.

 

 

Tables Up    Down

Table 1: demographic characteristics and patients´ histories based on type of infertility

Table 2: abnormalities observed on ultrasonography based on type of infertility

Table 3: abnormalities observed at HSG based on type of infertility

Table 4: risk of tubal obstructions at HSG based on history of genital tract infections

 

 

References Up    Down

  1. WHO. Manual for the standardized investigation of the infertile couple. Cambridge University Press. 2002.

  2. Frydman R, Poulain M. Infertilité: prise en charge globale et thérapeutique. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2023 Sep 26. Google Scholar

  3. Inhorn M, Patrizio P. Infertility around the globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century. Hum Reprod Update. 2015 Jul-Aug;21(4):411-26. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Vander Borght M, Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem 2018;62:2-10. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National, Regional, and Global Trends in Infertility Prevalence Since 1990: A Systematic Analysis of 277 Health Surveys. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001356. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Lansac J, Marret H. Gynécologie pour le praticien. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Feb 27. Google Scholar

  7. O´Flynn N. Assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems: NICE guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2014 Jan;64(618):50-1. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Committee P, Society A. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: A committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2015 Jun;103(6):e44-50. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Thoma ME, McLain AC, Louis JF, King RB, Trumble AC, Sundaram R et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertil Steril. 2013 Apr;99(5):1324-1331.e1. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. Reply: International estimates on infertility prevalence and treatment seeking: potential need and demand for medical care. Human reproduction. 2009 Sep 1;24(9):2380-3. Google Scholar

  11. Brzakowski M, Lourdel E, Cabry R, Oliéric MF, Claeys C, Devaux A et al. Epidemiology of the infertile couple. J Gynécologie Obs Biol la Reprod. 2009;38:F3-F7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Okafor CO, Okafor CI, Okpala OC, Umeh E. The pattern of hysterosalpingographic findings in women being investigated for intertility in Nnewi, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010 Sep;13(3):264-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Elhussein OG, Ahmed MA, Suliman SO, Yahya LI, Adam I. Epidemiology of infertility and characteristics of infertile couples requesting assisted reproduction in a low-resource setting in Africa, Sudan. Fertility research and practice. 2019 Dec;5:1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Larsen U. Primary and secondary infertility in Tanzania. Journal of Health and Population in developing countries. 2003 Jul 2;5:1-5. Google Scholar

  15. Sule JO, Erigbali P, Eruom L. Prevalence of infertility in women in a southwestern Nigerian community. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2008;11(2). Google Scholar

  16. Botwe BO, Bamfo-Quaicoe K, Hunu E, Anim-Sampong S. Hysterosalpingographic findings among Ghanaian women undergoing infertility work-up: a study at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. Fertility research and practice. Fertil Res Pract. 2015 Jun 4:1:9 PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Egbe TO, Ngombiga MD, Takang WA, Manka’a EW, Egbe DN, Fon PN et al. Findings of Hysterosalpingography in Women Who Underwent Gynaecologic Imaging in a Tertiary Hospital in Douala, Cameroon. Advances in Reproductive Sciences. 2020 Mar 31;8(2):113-25. Google Scholar

  18. Nguma JD, O´yandjo AM, Sialikyolo JJ, Liogo GL, Aundu AM, Kitoko RA, Bosunga GK. Hysterosalpingographic Findings among Patients Undergoing Infertility Work-Up in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019 Feb 28;9(02):267. Google Scholar

  19. Kalume Mushabaa A, Labama L, Sergio CS. Profil clinique et étiologique de l'infertilité féminine à Goma. Kisangani méd.(En ligne). 2014:31-43. Google Scholar

  20. Lokengo L, Mboloko E, Nzau N. Itineraire de la femme kinoise a la recherche des soins d'infertilite. Ann. afr. méd.(En ligne). 2011:855-64. Google Scholar

  21. Sudha G, Reddy KS. Causes of female infertility: a crosssectional study. International journal of latest research in science and technology. 2013;2(6):119-23. Google Scholar

  22. Kaadaaga HF, Ajeani J, Ononge S, Alele PE, Nakasujja N, Manabe YC et al. Prevalence and factors associated with use of herbal medicine among women attending an infertility clinic in Uganda. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jan 16:14:27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Ardaens Y, Levaillant JM, Coquel P, Haag T. Échographie et imagerie pelvienne en pratique gynécologique. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017 Sep 12. Google Scholar

  24. Williams M, Green L, Roberts K. Exploring the needs and expectations of women presenting for hysterosalpingogram examination following a period of subfertility: a qualitative study. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Nov;64(12):1653-60. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. La Fianza A, Dellafiore C, Travaini D, Broglia D, Gambini F, Scudeller L et al. Effectiveness of single education and counseling intervention in reducing anxiety in women undergoing hysterosalpingography: randomized controlled trial. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014 Jan 16:2014:598293. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Musango L, Elovainio R, Nabyonga J, Toure B. The state of health financing in the African Region. Health Monitor. 2013 Mar;9. Google Scholar

  27. Salama S, Torre A, Paillusson B, Thomin A, Brahim FB, Muratorio C et al. Le monitorage de l´ovulation: passé, présent et perspectives. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité. 2011 Apr 1;39(4):245-54. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Gilman Barber AR, Rhone SA, Fluker MR. Curettage and Asherman's syndrome-lessons to (re-) learn?. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Nov;36(11):997-1001. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Daaloul W, Ouerdiane N, Masmoudi A, Ben Hamouda S, Bouguerra B, Sfar R. Epidemiological profile, etiological diagnosis and prognosis of uterine synechias: report of 86 cases. Tunis Med. 2012 Apr;90(4):306-10. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Porcu G, Heckenroth H. Uterine abnormalities and infertility. EMC - Gynecol. 2005;2:185-197. Google Scholar

  31. Abrao MS, Muzii L, Marana R. Anatomical causes of female infertility and their management. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013 Dec:123 Suppl 2:S18-24. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Carranza-Mamane B, Havelock J, Hemmings R. Prise en charge des fibromes utérins en présence d´une infertilité autrement inexpliquée. J Obstet Gynaecol Canada. 2016;38:S597-S608. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Brassard M, AinMelk Y, Baillargeon JP. Basic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;92(5):1163-92. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Carmina E, Lobo R. Polycystic ovary syndrome: arguably the most common endocrinopathy is associated with significant morbidity in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jun;84(6):1897-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Shannon M, Wang Y. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a common but often unrecognized condition. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2012 May-Jun;57(3):221-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Kunz G, Beil D, Huppert P, Leyendecker G. Structural abnormalities of the uterine wall in women with endometriosis and infertility visualized by vaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jan;15(1):76-82. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Tvarijonaviiene E, Nadišauskiene RJ. The value of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology among infertile patients. Medicina (Kaunas). 2008;44(6):439-48. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Pellati D, Mylonakis I, Bertoloni G, Fiore C, Andrisani A, Ambrosini G et al. Genital tract infections and infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008 Sep;140(1):3-11. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, Dokras A, Williams CJ, Williams SZ, editors. Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology-E-Book: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2023 Mar 24. Google Scholar

  40. Egbe TO, Nana-Njamen T, Elong F, Tchounzou R, Simo AG, Nzeuga GP et al. Risk factors of tubal infertility in a tertiary hospital in a low-resource setting?: a case- control study.Fertil Res Pract. 2020 Mar 6:6:3. PubMed | Google Scholar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Search

Volume 49 (Sep - Dec 2024)

This article authors

On Pubmed
On Google Scholar

Citation [Download]

Zotero
EndNote XML
Reference Manager
BibTex
ProCite

Navigate this article

Similar articles in

Key words

Article metrics

Countries of access

PlumX Metrics

Hysterosalpingographic, ultrasonographic and clinical profile of infertile women in Butembo, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Recently from the PAMJ

Déterminants de l´acceptation de la vaccination à Makokou au Gabon

Testicule non descendu chez l´enfant: aspects épidémiologique, diagnostique et thérapeutique dans trois hôpitaux de référence de Douala, Cameroun

Allergy to the fistula needle: a rare cause of allergy in hemodialysis (a case report)

Pediatric ocular tuberculosis: a case report of complex clinical manifestations and its successful management

Effets de la desmopressine versus l´acide tranexamique sur la réduction du saignement dans l´arthroplastie du genou: étude prospective randomisée en double aveugle

Observance de la deuxième et troisième dose de la chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier chez les enfants de 3 à 59 mois et 6-9 ans dans la commune de Guidimouni, Niger

Authors´ services