Prevalence of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in 699 Moroccan patients with chronic hepatitis C

¹Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Oujda, Mohamed First University, Oujda, Morocco, ²Laboratory of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Morocco, Casablanca, Morocco, ³Hassan First University, Higher Institute of Health Sciences of Settat, Health Sciences and Technology Laboratory, Settat, Morocco, ⁴Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technical Health, Tiznit, Morocco, ⁵Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco, ⁶Laboratory of Hematology, Mohamed V military Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Morocco

^&Corresponding author
Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Hassan First University, Higher Institute of Health Sciences of Settat, Health Sciences and Technology Laboratory, Settat, Morocco

Introduction    

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a public health chronic disease, affecting an estimated 0.2% to 2% of the Moroccan general population [1]. It predisposes these individuals to several complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even death. Rapidly progressive liver fibrosis is an early indicator of CHC severity [2]. According to histological METAVIR scoring, the estimate of fibrosis progresses use principally transition rates between successive stages from the healthy liver (F0) to cirrhosis (F4) [2,3]. The last stage includes subjects with a broad spectrum of severity.

Diagnosis of fibrosis facilitates the early therapeutic intervention that prevents irreversible liver damage for patients with CHC. Although liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for evaluating fibrosis and cirrhosis stages, it is an invasive procedure and leads to complications in 0.6-5.0% of patients [4,5]. Thus, it is not an adequate intervention for monitoring liver damage for patients with CHC. The new non-invasive biomarkers using immunological and biochemical markers showed high positive predictive values for significant illness in patients with CHC [6]. The FibroTest/ActiTest is the most noninvasive test used for staging severity of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis according to the METAVIR scoring system. FibroTest allows estimate liver fibrosis and ActiTest - necroinflammatory activity. Moreover, it is also validated as a quantitative parameter in predicting prognosis for the occurrence of cirrhosis and their major complications [7]. Since CHC and its complications are considered a major public health problem in Morocco and few studies have been carried to assess the prevalence of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis; this cross-sectional study was aimed to analyze the prevalence of fibrosis and cirrhosis in 699 Moroccan patients with CHC.

Methods     

In this cross-sectional study, 699 Moroccan patients with CHC were selected randomly from the Pasteur Institute for 4 years between January 2014 to December 2017. We included patients with anti HCV antibodies and HCV RNA positive. Patients with confounding variables such as hepatotoxic medical drugs, co-infection with other infectious diseases (e.g. hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1/2) as well as auto-immune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis were excluded in this study. The study protocol was approved by an institutional/local ethics committee at the Pasteur Institute of Morocco and funded by the Moroccan Ministry of Health for epidemiological purposes. Patients´ informed consent was signed before the inclusion of patients in the study.

The serum immunological markers: α2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A1 were analyzed nephelometrically on BN ProSpec® System. The serum biochemical markers: γ-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin were performed using the VITROS® Chemistry System Ortho Clinical Diagnostic. Patients´ data like age and gender were required to generate the fibrosis and inflammation stages in the liver. FibroTest/ActiTest scores were computed on the Biopredictive website and the results were provided with security algorithms. The result of the different markers is expressed in a score varying from 0 to 1 in proportion to fibrosis severity and inflammation activity with a conversion to METAVIR stage according to the following scheme: for FibroTest®, for non-cirrhotic stages; F0 (0 to ≤0.28) to no fibrosis, F1 (>0.28 to ≤0.48) to minim fibrosis, F2 (>0.8 to ≤0.58) to moderate fibrosis, F3 (>0.58 to ≤0.74) to advanced fibrosis [8]; and for the new cirrhotic stages, F4.1 (>0.74 to ≤0.85) to uncomplicated cirrhosis, F4.2 (>0.85 to ≤0.95) to cirrhosis with varices and without severe events and F4.3 (>0.95-1.00) to cirrhosis with severe events [9]. For ActiTest®, A0 to no activity, A1 to minim activity, A2 to important activity, and A3 to severe activity. According to criteria given by BioPredictive, significant hepatic activity is defined as A ≥2 (score > 0.52).

The data was performed by SPSS for Windows version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Values are expressed mean±SD or number (percentage). We compared the demographic and disease characteristics relating to the criteria given by BioPredictive using Student´s t-test and Chi-Deux -test as appropriate. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. All potential predictors of fibrosis and cirrhosis with P < 0.3 were assessed using the logistic regression diagnostics procedure. Uncorrected p-values below 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Results     

Study population: the descriptive features of the patients are shown in Table 1. A total of 699 patients with CHC were included; 62.5% of whom were women. The mean age of patients was 59 years (range 51-68). Among presumed non-cirrhotic patients, the following distribution of FibroTest scores was observed: F0 (no fibrosis or minim fibrosis) in 145 patients (20.7%), F1 in 133 patients (19%), F2 (moderate fibrosis) in 75 patients (10.7%), and F3 (advanced fibrosis) in 124 patients (17.7%). The overall prevalence of cirrhosis (F4) was estimated at 31.8%. Among presumed cirrhotic patients, cirrhosis without varices or severe events (F4.1) occurred in 102 patients (14.6%), cirrhosis with varices and without severe events (F4.2) in 97 patients (13.9%), and cirrhosis with severe event (F4.3) in 23 patients (3.3%). The distribution of ActiTest scores of A0-A1 was 49.2%, A1-A2 was 16.2% and A2-A3 was 34.7%.

Univariate analysis: the results of univariate logistic regression analysis of factors influencing cirrhosis are shown in Table 2. No significant association for cirrhosis was found for sex. In contrast, age at diagnostic [OR=1.07 (95%CI=1.05-1.08); p<0.0001] was significantly associated with cirrhosis. Moreover, patients aged over 55 years tended to have cirrhosis more frequently compared with younger patients [89.2% vs 51.8%; OR=7.68(95%CI=4.9-12.2); p< 0.0001]. Finally, patients with significant necroinflammatory activity were much more likely to develop cirrhosis [OR=24.4(95%CI=13.3-45); p< 0.0001].

Discussion     

This is the first study to estimate the frequency of fibrosis and cirrhosis in Moroccan patients with CHC according to FibroTest and ActiTest. Staging the severity of liver fibrosis according to the METAVIR scoring system is essential to define the prognosis and management of CHC disease. In our study, 17.7% of Moroccan adults affected with CHC have diagnosed advanced fibrosis and 31.8% have liver cirrhosis. Worldwide, cirrhosis is the major risk of mortality, accounting for approximately 800,000 deaths annually [10]. This prevalence remains relatively higher when compared to epidemiological studies in the literature. It has been previously estimated that advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis appear in alcohol-dependent patients with a respective percentage of 15.3% and 8.8% [11]. A general population study conducted by Fleming et al. [12] reported the prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom to be 68%, whereas a study by Scaglione et al. [13] estimated the prevalence at 0.27% in the United States.

Interestingly, our estimate was also excessively higher compared to what has been reported by Cacoub et al. [14] in which the estimated cirrhosis rate was 2% by liver biopsy. This apparently discordant result in the epidemiology of cirrhosis may be explained by distinctness in statistical methods applied and the higher prevalence of HCV in Moroccan patients (7.7%) [14]. In addition, the current limitations of FibroTest/ActiTest are their inability to distinguish between intermediate stages of fibrosis. Overall, however, the performances of FibroTest and ActiTest are excellent as compared to liver biopsy for the management of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis [15] and providing critical information to clinicians without exposing patients to the adverse effects of liver biopsy. In CHC, FT provides validated non-invasive and quantitative markers of predicting the presence of cirrhosis complications like esophageal varices, primary liver cancer, variceal bleeding, and the ‘‘hepatic insufficiency´´ complications (ascites, jaundice, encephalopathy) [7]. The two complications mainly requiring screening for a patient with established liver cirrhosis are primary liver cancer and esophageal varices. In our study, we observed that patients with cirrhosis had a 13.9% risk of developing esophageal varices and a 3.3% risk of developing primary liver cancer. Thierry Poynard et al. suggest that patients with FT remaining <0.74 (F4.1) do not require esophagogastroduodenoscopy and patients with FT >0.95 had a 14% risk of developing varices at 5 years [16].

It was reported that cirrhosis rates peaking during the fourth and the fifth decade and then again after the age of 75. As expected, hepatitis C, alcohol, and diabetes play a large role in the epidemiology of cirrhosis, accounting for 53.5% of cases [13]. In our study, the results of the association between cirrhosis and age showed an increase in prevalence after 55 years old. This higher prevalence rate of cirrhosis in older people could be attributed to longer exposure to risk factors for HCV transmission, higher rates of poverty, lower school attainment, and a delay in diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. This is in agreement with a study performed by Pineda et al. who shows that advanced liver fibrosis was more prevalent in old age [15]. A higher fibrosis rate, which happens in the liver, could be attributed to the loss of regenerative and homeostatic capacity of the liver over the age. Notably, senescent hepatocytes have been involved in fibrosis progression and cirrhosis [17,18].

Another important finding in our study is that cirrhotic patients are at increased risk for developing a systemic inflammatory response with significant necro-inflammatory activity. It is speculated that during cirrhosis, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and cell contents released from necrotic hepatocytes through necroptosis as well as the persistence of immune cell activation, may overstimulate the innate immune response and lead to systemic inflammation [19,20]. Moreover, acute-phase protein serum levels including α2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A1 have been increased during the inflammatory reaction, and their components contribute to innate immune reaction against infectious diseases.

No significant difference in cirrhosis according to gender was found in our study. Based on the data generated in our study and determination of factors independently associated with cirrhosis and to face this growing epidemic, we can assume that the establishment of screening programs and interventions in the general population and particularly in a subgroup with CHC will allow for wider prevention of irreversible liver damage. The limitations of our current study include: first, in our context with higher rates of poverty, unable to perform α-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver ultrasonography for screening hepatocellular carcinoma in all subjects with cirrhosis, and second, FT performance was not compared to the hepatic venous pressure gradient, which is the best prognostic indicator of the formation of varices. However, these results provide information that may be used for further analysis of cirrhosis studies in Moroccan patients.

Conclusion     

The results of our study suggested that the rates of liver cirrhosis was higher in Moroccan CHC patients. In this group, the advanced age was a risk factor for developing cirrhosis disease. Our observation suggest also that other test with higher sensitivity need to be implemented for the detection and monitoring of liver cirrhosis.

Competing interests     

The authors declare no competing interests.

Authors' contributions     

Abdellatif bouayad and Fatima Zahra Laamiri contributed equally in this manuscript The design and review of the literature of this study were made by Abdellatif Bouayad and Fatima Zahra Laamiri. Data processing was made by Abdellatif Bouayad and Fatima Zahra Laamiri. The writing of the manuscript was done by Abdellatif Bouayad, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Bouchra Rezzouk, Rachid Hadef, and Lahcen Elmoumou. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments     

We are indebted to Faiza Bouayad (University of Cadi Ayyad, faculty of science juridical economic and social, Marrakech Morocco) for his assistance and fruitful contribution. We are most grateful to all the staff of the laboratory of immunology and biochemistry of the Pasteur Institute of Morocco and all the patient who participated in this study.

Tables     

Table 1: demographic and medical characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C

Table 2: univariate analysis of factors influencing cirrhosis

References