Retention of patient-held medical records for chronic diseases in Mozambique

¹Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene District, Mozambique, ²Hospital Geral de Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique, ³Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 3453 Avenida Julius Nyerere, Maputo, Mozambique

^&Corresponding author
Ana Mocumbi, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Marracuene District, Mozambique

Introduction    

Health Information Systems (HIS) in some African countries selectively collect data for surveillance of acute and endemic infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases and HIV/AIDS. This poses a critical challenge to monitor health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the continent because data on morbidity and mortality are incomplete, and often inaccurate and untimely [1]. The dissemination of HIV/AIDS care in the continent has unveiled the need to improve data collection and reporting processes for chronic diseases within these under-resourced health systems. In Mozambique, patient-held medical records (PHMR) are used exclusively for pre-natal and puerperal care, and also for child health care; recently, open medical record systems have been tested for monitoring patient with HIV/AIDS with varying success [2,3].

Functional patient monitoring systems (PMS) are essential to ensure quality in diagnosis and treatment of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD). Within Mozambique´s public health facilities, paper-based PMS are used, requiring big efforts for archiving as well as for recovering at each hospital visit/admission. This system is associated with frequent loss of information that leads to unnecessary costs of repeating diagnostic procedures. Electronic PMS facilitate facility-level reporting, improve ability to identify patients lost to follow-up, and support both facility and patient management [4] - particularly as NCD become a public health problem [5]. However, in most under-resourced settings in Africa lack of national guidelines and norms for patient level HIS for NCD care, together with limited human capacity and informatics infrastructure, hamper the acquisition of reliable information for patient care and public health policy design [6]. In view of organizing NCD clinics at first referral peri-urban hospitals in Mozambique we designed a study aiming at assessing the retention rates and characterizing the handling of PHMR by patients with chronic diseases being followed as outpatients.

Methods     

We conducted a prospective observational study between November 2016 and October 2018, in a first referral urban hospital with capacity for archiving medical files, in Maputo, Mozambique. To assess the rate of retention at 12 months and the quality of conservation of the PHMR, we selected patients with confirmed diagnosis of cardiovascular disease expected to have chronic follow up in the selected health facility. PHMR were given consecutively to newly diagnosed patients, and demographic and clinical data were collected at time of diagnosis, as well as one year after. Patients were advised to present the PHMR in all contacts with the health system (planned or in emergency), and to ask the assisting health professionals to use it, including taking relevant notes of the clinical appointments. Because the system was being tested, medical records continued to be used for standard patient care, and participants had their follow up without any interference from the research team. At 12 months of the entering the study patients were contacted by telephone to bring their PHMR to the research team.

PHMR design: we designed an A5 format (21cm length; 15cm width; 200g) 24-page booklet, with a hard paper cover. It had four sections, namely for: i) personal sociodemographic data; ii) medical history, physical exam, laboratory and other diagnostic evaluation; iii) clinical and biological parameters for follow up; iv) health education. The external appearance, status of the cover and legibility of the content were used to assess quality of PHMR handling or conservation. The conservation was considered: GOOD if the booklet was clean, with all its pages and its content readable; ACCEPTABLE when the content could be easily read but the PHMR appearance was changed, being dirty, wet, partially burnt or with missing the cover page; BAD if the booklet´s information could not be read, there were missing pages, or considerable portions of the pages were burnt or removed. We used double data entry at recruitment and after 12 months follow up: directly on the booklet and in standard case record forms kept by the team as original data sources.

For data analysis we used descriptive statistics. Participants gave written informed consent to participate in the study. The National Bioethics Committee of Mozambique (reference 072/CIBS-INS 2015) approved the study.

Results     

Population characteristics: overall 134 PHMR were given to patients. The age of patients varied from 1 month to 90 years; 24 (17.9%) were children and 77 (57.5%) were female. The most common diagnoses were severe and/or complicated hypertension (34; 25%), cardiomyopathy (28; 20.9%) and rheumatic heart disease (15; 11.2%). HIV infection was the commonest comorbidity occurring in 29 (21.6%) patients, 2/3 of whom female (19%; 65.5%). Ten patients died (7.5%). Patient´s characteristics are summarized in Table 1.

Availability of data and material: datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

PMHR handling: none of the invited patients refused to participate, but retention could not be confirmed in 13, who did not return the PMHR and could not be found after one year (9.7%; 10 females). Thus, 121 patients (90.3%) retained the PHMR at 12 months. The quality of conservation of the PHMR was good for 110 (90.9%) patients, acceptable for eight (6.6%) and bad for three (2.5). The median number of contacts with the health services during the 12 months was four. Ten patients died and had their booklet brought to the research team by a next to kin (4 of them were children). All patients followed had medical notes made by the assisting clinicians for all appointments, of which less than 1% (26/507) were illegible.

Ethical approval and consent to participate: the study was approved by the National Bioethics Committee in Mozambique (IRB 00002657). Consent to participate was obtained for every participant. For participants under 16 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from a parent or guardian.

Discussion     

High PHMR retention rate was achieved in patients assisted for cardiovascular disease in an under-resourced urban hospital in Mozambique, with a very low proportion of the medical records being damaged and excellent rate of presentation at encounters with health professionals over the 12 months of study. Additionally, the quality of the records done by health professionals was good, thus allowing easy management of the patients by the assisting clinicians if the original medical file could not be found. Our results are relevant for Mozambique and other low-income countries in Africa with an increasing burden of NCD, by suggesting that PMHR may be useful where the health systems are constrained by severe shortage of health workforce, inadequate physical infrastructure to handle archives of paper-based medical files, and low access to digital platforms in health facilities to allow the use electronic medical records.

The high levels of retention with good quality of handling and recording represent an opportunity for our stretched health facilities in Mozambique, which have limited space and health force for managing medical archives. Our results are above those obtained in the neighboring country of Malawi, where 63.9% of 7393 women of reproductive age receiving contraception retained their PHMR at 12 months [7]. Paper-based medical records kept in hospitals may exacerbate the challenges related to patient tracking [8] in under-served settings, as they require extra processes and considerable manpower to ensure timely availability when patients have unexpected visits to the health facility, or even to emergency departments in theirs or in other health facilities.

Digital technology has had a powerful impact on health care delivery in resource-limited settings, including for patient care and tracking [9], and electronic medical records have been shown to improve quality of health care (expectation and perception) [10]. However, they are not yet widespread in Africa.

Because management of risk factors and chronic diseases require long-term follow up and retention of patients in the health system, regardless of change in residency, employment or migration, PHMR are a cost-effective strategy for ensuring quality and continuity of care provided to patients with chronic conditions in the continent. They guaranty prompt access to patient´s medical information, reinforce the relationship between the patient and the health provider [6], and improve the management and control of chronic conditions [11,12]; all these advantages are expected to contribute to improve quality of care and outcomes.

Although widely used for pre-natal and childhood care at peripheral levels of the health system in Mozambique, PHMR have not been the subject of specific research regarding its use, acceptability by users, quality of information registered by health providers or perceptions from any of these groups. PHMR are useful for both the patients and the health professionals, and seem to increase the trust of patients in the health system; they feel themselves as an active part on the management of their health/disease [13]. By improving the patent´s-doctor relationship [6] they may also increase the recording of events on follow up. On the other hand, because they are readily available to the clinicians whenever the patient contacts the health system, they also avoid duplication of procedures, reducing workload and costs. Finally, by allowing rapid access to patient´s clinical information, PHMR improve communication between health providers.

A small proportion of information recorded during the visits could not be read due to bad hand-writing, corroborating expressed concern regarding the quality of information collected by health professionals using PHMR. In South Africa an evaluation of the quality of information content in PHMR used by puerperal women over a six-weeks period, showed that less than 50% of them were correctly filed [11]. This barrier on the health provider´s side needs to be addressed, and may be determined by extreme shortage of personnel in environments with very high demand.

Low or inadequate health literacy in a context of high multimorbidity and patients entering the system through emergency departments [14] contribute to errors and gaps in long-term management as well as to challenges during transitional care. This is particularly evident as patients move between different stages throughout their lifespan (childhood to adolescence, adolescence to adulthood), when they are referred to other levels of the health system (between primary care and specialized hospitals), or whenever they are transferred to different locations. Paper-based PHMR address continuity of care, optimize management and reduce medication errors, a preventable cause of morbidity, disability and mortality.

Our study did not collect data on effect of PHMR on outcomes, and does not allow us to discuss the usefulness of PHMR for health promotion as well as the challenges that patients face regarding confidentiality of records, and therefore qualitative research on the views of users and health professionals is warranted. However, it brings important information on alternative strategies to the current patients monitoring systems for chronic diseases in low-income settings.

Conclusion     

High PHMR retention rates were obtained in an urban low-income setting in Africa, with good quality of conservation and usage by clinicians. This supports its use as an alternative to replace hospital paper-based medical files in under-resourced settings unprepared to deal with the growing demand of chronic care. Qualitative research on the views of health professionals and acceptability by the patients is warranted.

Competing interests     

The authors declare no competing interests.

Authors' contributions     

AM designed the study and wrote the manuscript; NL summarized data from registry books and performed statistics. Both authors contributed to data interpretation and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments     

We acknowledge the support of colleagues from Instituto Nacional de Saúde - Naisa Manafe, Igor Dobe, Denise Langa and Geoffrey Madeira - as well as from our nurse Rosália Matimbe and other staff at Hospital Geral de Mavalane, for the implementation of the study.

Table     

Table 1: patient´s characteristics, clinical and retention data on patient-held medical records

References