Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria

Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria

Beatrice Ohunene Bello-Ovosi¹, Joseph Ogirima Ovosi^2,&, Modupe Arinola Ogunsina¹, Sunday Asuke³, Muhammed Sani Ibrahim⁴

 

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Kaduna State University, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria, ²461 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria, ³Department of Community Medicine, Bingham University, Jos, Nigeria, ⁴Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria

 

 

^&Corresponding author
Joseph Ogirima Ovosi, 461 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria

 

 

 

 

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) defined as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origin represents the largest proportion of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and is a leading cause of premature mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally [1-3]. In 2015, cardiovascular diseases were responsible for 31% (17.92 million) of the global annual deaths; out of which coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (stroke) claimed 7.4 million and 6.7 million lives respectively; and more than 75% of these occur in low- and middle-income countries [4,5]. Of the several risk factors attributed to the rising prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia stand out as the most preventable and modifiable [6-8]. Nevertheless, rapid urbanization accompanied with changing lifestyle and demographics have led to a surge in the global prevalence of these twin diseases. In 2017, DM affected 425 million people aged 20-79 years globally, and this is projected to reach 629 million by 2045; 90% of this will be type 2 DM, and 79% will be from low- and middle-income countries [9]. Also, in 2008, raised cholesterol level ≥ 5.0 mmol/L occurred in 39% of the global adult population, 22.6% of this occurs in the African sub-region [10]. DM and dyslipidemia are intricately related and their co-existence helps to perpetuate ASCVD. DM confers at least two to threefold excess risk, independent of other risk factors for ASCVD [11-13]; and patients with DM have poorer prognosis after cardiovascular events compared to non-diabetic patients [14]. On the other hand, the risk of CVD is greater at any level of serum cholesterol in patients with diabetes [15], and several studies have shown that cholesterol lowering therapies reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients [16-18]. In type 2 DM, insulin deficiency and/or resistance trigger a cascade of metabolic disarray leading to characteristic lipoproteins abnormality termed atherogenic (diabetic) dyslipidemia, defined as: low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [19]. In this study, we determined the prevalence and pattern of diabetic dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients in Zaria Northern Nigeria.

 

 

Study area: this study was carried out at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria. ABUTH is a 500-bed capacity hospital that provides services to patients from Northern Nigeria and the neighboring countries of Niger and Chad Republics.

 

Study design: this was a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients who attended the Endocrine and Metabolism Clinic of ABUTH from 1^st January 2016 to 31^st December 2017.

 

Study population: subjects were newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients aged 30 years and above. Patients with gestational DM, steroid-induced DM, thyroid disease or secondary dyslipidemia were excluded from the study.

 

Data collection: demographic, clinical and laboratory data were retrieved from the case notes of patients who satisfied the eligibility criteria. Demographic data retrieved were age and sex, while clinical and laboratory data were: height, weight, waist circumference, duration of DM, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood sugar over the last 3 months, fasting cholesterol level, fasting triglyceride level, fasting low density lipoprotein, fasting high density lipoprotein.

 

Definition of variables

 

Dyslipidemia: this was defined as serum total cholesterol level ≥ 5.2mmol/L and/or serum LDL cholesterol ≥ 2.6 mmol/L, and/or serum triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, and/or serum HDL cholesterol < 1mmol/L for men or < 1.3mmol/L for women [20]. Atherogenic dyslipidemia was defined as a combination of high serum triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, high serum LDL cholesterol ≥ 2.6 mmol/L and low serum HDL cholesterol < 1mmol/L for men and < 1.30 mmol/L for women [21]. Non-HDL cholesterol ≥ 3.37mmol/L [22], and atherogenic index ≥ 0.11 [23,24], were also considered abnormal. Mixed dyslipidemia were defined as a combination of any of the following: high TG, low LDL; high TG, high LDL; high LDL, low HDL; and isolated dyslipidemia were defined as: isolated hypercholesterolaemia - combination of high TC and normal/low TG and LDL; isolated hypertriglyceridemia - combination of high TG and normal/low TC and LDL; isolated high LDL - combination high LDL and normal/low TG, TC while isolated low HDL was defined as combination of low HDL with normal LDL, TG and TC.

 

Hypertension: hypertension was defined as a blood pressure recording of ≥ 140/90 mmHg on more than 1 hospital visit or a documentation of treatment with anti-hypertensive medications [25].

 

Type 2 diabetes mellitus: this was defined as documentation of fasting blood sugar ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2h postprandial blood sugar ≥ 11.1 mmol/L for the first time in a patient, with or without classical symptoms of DM; or presentation for the first time with symptoms of hyperglycemic crises and a documented random blood sugar ≥ 11.1 mmol/L; and good glycemic target was defined as preprandial capillary plasma glucose between 4.4-7.2 mmol/L and 2h postprandial capillary plasma glucose < 10.0 mmol/L [26].

 

Anthropometry: body mass index was classified as: normal (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9), obesity (BMI ≥ 30) [27]. Truncal obesity was defined as waist circumference > 94 cm for males and > 80 cm for females [28].

 

Statistical analysis: data were coded and entered into STATA version 14 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas) for analysis. Continuous variables with symmetrical distribution were expressed as means ± standard, while those with skewed distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Student t-test and chi-square test were used to test for association. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

 

Ethical approval: ethical approval for the research and permission for use of data was obtained from the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Research Ethics Committee (ABUTH-REC). To maintain privacy and confidentiality, each patient was assigned a unique numerical identifier for tracking purposes only and data was retrieved anonymously.

 

 

A total of 322 patients (161 male and 161 female) with type 2 DM fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Their mean age was 53.5 ± 10.8 years while their mean body mass index and mean waist circumference were 27.8 ± 6.4 kg/m² and 92.8 ± 13.1 cm respectively. The mean fasting blood sugar and mean 2-hour postprandial sugar were 7.9 ± 3.1 mmol/L and 10.7 ± 3.5 mmol/L respectively, and 227 (70.5%) of them were hypertensive. Other clinical characteristic such as mean fasting blood sugar, mean 2h postprandial blood sugar, median duration of diabetic mellitus, median duration of hypertension, and mean serum lipid levels of the patients are as shown in Table 1. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in the patients was 69.3%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the female and male sexes, 68.3% vs. 70.2%, p = 0.717 (difference in proportion = -0.02, 95% CI = -0.12 to -0.08). The prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia, isolated hypercholesterolemia, isolated low HDL-cholesterol were 3.4%, 2.5%, and 23.6% respectively. Isolated hypertriglyceridemia and isolated high LDL cholesterol were not seen in these patients. The prevalence of mixed dyslipidemias were: high TG and low HDL (2.8%), high TG and high LDL (41.0%) and high LDL and low HDL (2.5%). There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the various dyslipidemia between the sex groups (Table 2). Table 3 shows dyslipidemia status by demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in the trend of dyslipidemia across age groups, duration of DM, duration of hypertension and grade of obesity. There were also no statistically significant differences in the proportion of males, hypertensives, truncal obesity, target mean FBS and target mean 2h postprandial sugar between subjects who had dyslipidemia and those with normolipemia.

 

 

Diabetic dyslipidemia confers at least two-to-threefold excess risk for premature atherosclerosis of large- and medium-sized vessels, independent of other risk factors; and numerous large-scale epidemiological studies and well-controlled clinical trials have shown a well-established association between lipid disorders and cardiovascular risks [29-32]. Dyslipidemia is an important modifiable risk factor for ASCVD and therefore, requires screening and treatment as a public health priority. In this study, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was 69.3%. This is consistent with a prevalence of 34.4-94.0% reported from several studies across the globe [33-39]. Studies in Nigeria have also reported a prevalence ranging from 70% in Ibadan [40], to 89.0% in Lagos [41], and 90.7% in Nnewi [42]. This divergent range of global and regional prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 DM is attributed to the varying dyslipidemia cut-off thresholds used in most of the studies. While some studies use the National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) threshold for dyslipidemia with a tighter cut-off [20], others used the WHO dyslipidemia threshold [43]. One thing that is more consistent is the fact that the prevalence of dyslipidemia among the diabetic population is much higher than reported in the epidemiological studies involving non-diabetic patients in Nigeria [44].

 

Atherogenic dyslipidemia of 3.4% in our patients signifies an increase in apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and a shift of LDL pool towards small, dense LDL that are cholesterol-ester depleted, and more atherogenic with higher risk for ASCVD [45,46]. Isolated hypercholesterolemia and isolated low LDL were seen in only 2.5% and 23.6% of the patients respectively, but studies have shown that apparently normal cholesterol level may mask the qualitative alteration in composite lipoprotein particles such as intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), small LDL and ApoB which are not routinely measured in clinical practice but which are nonetheless better predictors of risk of ASCVD [47]. There were no cases of isolated high LDL and isolated hypertriglyceridemia in this study, a finding suggestive of the probable multifactorial nature of diabetic dyslipidemia [48]. Mixed dyslipidemia is characteristic of typical type 2 DM patients [49] and in this study, high TG and low HDL; high TG and high LDL; and high LDL and low HDL were present in 2.8%, 41.0% and 2.5% of the patients respectively. Data from the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have shown that patients with type 2 DM had higher TG and lower HDL cholesterol compared with the nondiabetics [30] and patients with co-occurrence of high TG and low HDL are at increased risk of major coronary events [50,51]. The prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in the patients were not affected by sex, age, duration of diabetes, hypertensive state, duration of hypertension, body mass index, truncal obesity and mean FBS and 2hPP glucose. Though these findings are in agreement with findings from Omotoye et al. [40] and Sang et al. [37]; findings from the UKPDS [30], Goel et al. [52], and Pokharel et al. [38] show varying association of dyslipidemia with some sociodemographic and clinical parameters of type 2 DM patients.

 

 

The study highlights the high prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending clinic at ABUTH, Zaria, Nigeria with mixed dyslipidemia of TG and high LDL being the commonest pattern. This implies that many of the type 2 DM patients are at a higher risk of ASCVD. There is, therefore, the need to prioritize a comprehensive lipid care in the management of all type 2 DM patients.

 

 

The authors declare no competing interests.

 

 

Beatrice Ohunene Bello-Ovosi and Joseph Ogirima Ovosi conceived and designed the study. Sunday Asuke, Muhammed Sani Ibrahim, Modupe Arinola Ogunsina revised the study design and supervised the collection of data. Joseph Ogirima Ovosi analyzed the data. Beatrice Ohunene Bello-Ovosi, Joseph Ogirima Ovosi and Muhammed Sani Ibrahim contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 

 

Table 1: demographic and clinical characteristics of patients studied

Table 2: prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia by sex of patients studied

Table 3: dyslipidemia status by demographic and clinical characteristics of patients studied

 

 

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