Assessment of self-medication practices with antibiotics among undergraduate university students in Rwanda

Assessment of self-medication practices with antibiotics among undergraduate university students in Rwanda

Jacques Tuyishimire¹, Funmbi Okoya², Adebisi Yusuff Adebayo³, Fabrice Humura^4,&, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III^5,6

 

¹Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda, ²Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Nigeria, ³Department of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, ⁴International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Hague, Netherlands, ⁵Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou,China, ⁶Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom

 

 

^&Corresponding author
Fabrice Humura, International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Hague, Netherlands

 

 

 

 

Globally, self-medication was found to be on the rise [1]. Self-medication has been defined as "the taking of drugs, herbs or home remedies on one's own initiative, or on the advice of another person, without consulting a doctor'' [2]. Major problems related to self-medication include wastage of resources, increased resistance of pathogens (which generally cause serious health hazards such as adverse reactions), prolonged suffering and drug dependence [3]. Among other considered medications being used without a prescription, in developing countries, are antibiotics [4]. Self-medication, particularly with antibiotics, has been widely encouraged by unregulated supply chains. This may increase the risk of inappropriate use and the selection of resistant bacterial strains [5, 6]. Self-medication may be helpful in facilitating the recovery from some minor illnesses. However, risks and benefits should be weighed reasonably as some serious problems may be due to the self-use of medications [7]. Medicines allowed for self-medication are those called Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, and they can be dispensed without a doctor's prescription through pharmacies, mostly in the less developed countries [8]. Over the counter (OTC) drugs are a form of self-medication as the buyer diagnoses their own illness and buys a specific drug to treat it [4]. OTC drugs provide symptom relief for conditions that do not always require medical intervention. Self-medication has been used widely to combat behavioral and psychological problems such as smoking. Pharmacists can help patients to choose the right OTC smoking cessation products to help them successfully quit smoking. Up to 300,000 people each year are able to reduce their risk of lung cancer, emphysema, stroke, heart attack and, complications in pregnancy because of self-care products, which are readily available. For example, non-prescription nicotine helps people to quit smoking [9]. Self medication has certain advantages as it is convenient, economical, and reduces wastage of medical resources on minor illnesses. However, as the disease recognized may not be correct, there is a delay in meeting a health care worker; the side effects of the medication are not known, inappropriate usage of antibiotics can lead to drug resistance; and taking the same drug with other drugs can lead to drug interactions and sometimes, drug addiction [10, 11]. Among the people who practice self-medication, particularly with antibiotics, some researchers have shown that university students are included [12]. This study aimed to assess the self-medication practices with antibiotics among the University of Rwanda students in Huye Campus.

 

 

The study was conducted among undergraduate students of the University of Rwanda (UR), HUYE Campus. This Campus is located in the Southern Province of Rwanda, HUYE District. The campus was selected because it has all colleges of UR except College of Education. Those colleges are: College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), College of Science and Technology (CST), College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), College of Business and Economics (CBE) and College of Arts and Social Sciences (CASS). The study was a descriptive study, and it consisted of a structured survey done among the university students, where a structured paper questionnaire consisting of close-ended and open-ended questions was shared to be completed by all the respondents. Answers from the questionnaires were exclusively used as the data source. Sample size was calculated using Yamane formula, where sample size should be 384 students. However, 570 students were used in this study as respondents, which is 186 students above the calculated sample size. A sample of 570 students from all colleges of the UR in Huye Campus was selected to participate in this study using simple random sampling. A questionnaire was administered to be answered individually by the consented respondents, where self-medication with antibiotics in the past 6 months was assessed. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS v.16, and the results were shown in frequency and percentages.

 

Participants' inclusion criteria: this study included people who fulfill the following criteria: must be a registered undergraduate student of UR; must have been physically located in the UR for at least 6 months; must consent to participate in this research project.

 

Participants' exclusion criteria: this study didn't take into consideration: people who were not UR/Huye campus undergraduate students; people who haven't been in the university for up to 6 months; and people who didn't consent to participate in the study. Regarding the permission to conduct this research, a research proposal was presented to the Department of Pharmacy in UR, HUYE Campus requesting a recommendation addressed to the dean of students in the campus to collect data from the university students. The participants' informed consent to the study was also required and was signed by the respondents as a proof of their will to participate. The participants answered the questionnaires individually and could withdraw at any time or choose not to complete the questionnaire.

 

 

A total of 570 students were enrolled in the study, which included 45.09% male and 54.91% female students. Colleges represented were CBE (39.30%), CST (26.14%), CMHS (17.37%), CASS (11.05%) and CAVM (5.26%). The predominant age of the participants was between 21 and 25 years, ranging from 18 to above 30 years. The results highlighted that 12.1% (n=69) of the responding students had self-medicated with antibiotics in the last 6 months (mid-October 2015 to mid-March 2016). Self-medication was more frequent among the female respondents compared to the male respondents (14.70% vs. 8.95%, female and male respondents respectively; Table 1). The findings highlight that the greatest proportion of students practiced self Medication with antibiotics (SMA) because they thought the illness was not serious at 50.72% (n=35) , followed by assumed medical knowledge at 15.94% (n=11), lack of time for consultation due to class lectures at 14.49% (n=10), following doctor's advice on previous encounter at 10.14% (n=7), and discomforting attitude of the health care providers at 2.90% (n=2). (The reasons for self medication are highlighted in Table 2) The main diseases treated with SMA are common cold/flu/cough at 47.83% (n=33), sore throat at 14.49% (n=10), diarrhea at 13.04% (n=9), skin infections at 13.04%(n=9) and eye infections at 1.45% (n=1),headache 2.90% ( n=2), and wound 1.45% (n=1). (Table 3 highlights diseases being treated with SMA) The common antibiotics used in SMA are amoxicillin capsules (see Table 4) at 59.42% (n=41) , tetracyclines at 2.90% (n=3) and others like chloramphenicol tablets, ciprofloxacin tablets, neo-medrol cream, nitrofurantoin tablets, oracefal tablets, penicillin capsules, streptomycin capsules and bactrim tablets were hardly used. The main source of antibiotics (Table 5) used in self-medication is community pharmacy with 72.46% (n=50), friends with 13.04% (n=9), and leftover medicines at 7.25% (n=5).

 

 

With prevalence of 12.1% (n=69), data from this study indicates that irrational use of antibiotics is practiced among university students. This proportion is less to that reported among tertiary level students in Accra [13], where the prevalence of SMA stood at 70%. By comparison, the prevalence of SMA among tertiary level students reported 53.5% in Nigeria [14], 76% in Pakistan [15], and 45% in Iran [16]. Studies have also found that educated people have a greater tendency to practice self-medication than illiterates. Higher levels of education and professional status have been associated with and considered as a predictive factor for self-medication [17, 18]. The study shows that female students engaged in self-medication with antibiotics more than male students. The differences in frequencies of self medication between gender agrees with a study done among tertiary level students in Accra, Ghana, in which the prevalence of self medication with antibiotics was 67% and 73%, Male and female respectively. It is suggested that the difference may be partly due to the female monthly menstrual cycle during which there are hormonal changes and relatively low immunity. At such times in their cycle, females may feel reluctant to visit the hospital and hence their higher frequency of self medication. This is partly confirmed by a study in Nigeria which showed that 25% of women employed antibiotics to treat menstrual symptom [13, 14]. However, the relationship between gender and self-medication was not assessed by this study. Nevertheless, other studies showed that self-medication patterns are influenced by age, gender, education level, family, society, medical knowledge, perception of illness, self-care orientation, and drug advertisements [19]. Regarding the reasons of self-medication with antibiotics, majority (50.72%) practiced SMA because they thought the illness was not serious and results are in line with another research conducted among the university students of Karachi [20], where it is said that the main reason for SMA was "illness not serious" and other shown reasons in this study. This main reason of SMA showed that students might think an illness is not serious while it is. This may be related to the lack of knowledge about health concerns, particularly the rational use of antibiotics. Findings are comparable with a study done among Chinese university students where some likely reasons for high SMA rates in China were misconceptions about antibiotic use for flu-like symptoms, false confidence in antibiotic use, high medical costs at health care centers, long waiting hours for outpatient services in hospitals and clinics, lack of trust in prescribing physicians, easy access to antibiotics, and profit-driven persuasion by community pharmacists [21].

 

The high extent of self-medication by students could be due to their belief that it would provide quick relief from illness. That was also seen in a study done by Angamo and Wabe in 2012 [22]. The use of antibiotics was high in all illness categories including conditions for which antibiotics were not recommended by WHO [23], such as common cold and diarrhea. This finding was similar to studies from Southwestern Nigeria. The study done on self-medication with antibiotics, among the university students revealed that antibiotics were used for respiratory diseases [12]. However, these diseases might have not been well treated through SMA because the students didn't follow the health care delivery process as a whole. This might result to the exacerbation of the disease or other health complications. Misuse of antibiotics is due to diagnostic uncertainty, lack of prescriber knowledge, lack of opportunity for follow-up, easy availability of antibiotics, and lack of treatment guidelines [24]. Majority of the respondents (59.42%) used Amoxicillin capsules while doing self-medication. The reasons for choosing Amoxicillin as an antibiotic in SMA were not identified by this study. However, many reasons can be attributed to choosing antibiotics. Thus, further studies should be carried out to confirm the choice criteria. The main source of antibiotics used in self-medication was community pharmacy (72.46%). These results confirm the study done in different places, but particularly among the university students in Karachi [20], where antibiotics used in self-medication was 41.4% and the main source was community pharmacies [25, 26]. The community pharmacies contributed a lot to SMA by dispensing the non-prescribed antibiotics. This concerns the pharmacy profession regulation enforcements, as students would not have gotten antibiotics if the community pharmacies refused to dispense them without a prescription [13]. It would be indispensable to embrace strict antibiotic guidelines which have shown affirmative outcome. A good example is the Chilean Ministry of Health, which has strictly restricted the purchase of antibiotics without medical prescription since 1999. This action resulted in a 43% decrease in antibiotic use in the outpatient setting [27], which represents an impressive result. Our study had some limitations as it exclusively considered students that live within the UR/HUYE Campus, without considering the students who live outside the campus or in nearby regions. Also, the UR Huye Campus includes all colleges except CE, which is located in Kigali.

 

 

Our study observed self-medication with antibiotics among students in University of Rwanda/ Huye Campus. Educating the university students more about the dangers of self-medication with antibiotics and rational use of antibiotics may be adequate to stop self-medication with antibiotics. In addition strengthening the regulation on dispensing antibiotics without prescriptions, is essential, as the community pharmacies are the major source of antibiotics used in self-medication with antibiotics.

 

 

The authors declare no competing interest.

 

 

All the authors participated in the research drafting, design, analysis of data, and conceptualization.

 

 

We are very grateful to the University of Rwanda, who gave us permission to collect and gather data and her students who helped fill the questionnaires. We acknowledge the support provided by Dr Diane Ashiru-Oredope Global AMR lead for Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, in reviewing the manuscript and providing advice on improvement.

 

 

Table 1: distribution of self-medication with antibiotics by gender

Table 2: reasons for self-medication with antibiotics

Table 3: conditions where students self medicate with antibiotics

Table 4: antibiotics used in self-medications

Table 5: sources of antibiotics used in self-medication

 

 

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