Benign breast lesions in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta Nigeria: a 5 year multicentre histopathological audit

Benign breast lesions in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta Nigeria: a 5 year multicentre histopathological audit

 

Stanley Chibuzo Uwaezuoke^1,&, Ezenwa Patrick Udoye²

 

¹Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, ²Department of Anatomical Pathology, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

 

 

^&Corresponding author
Stanley Chibuzo Uwaezuoke, Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

 

 

 

 

The human breast is paired mammary glands composed of specialized epithelium and stroma in which can occur both benign and malignant lesions [1]. Benign breast diseases (BBD) however constitute the greater of the breast lesions [2-6]. These BBD are diverse, ranging from disorders of development, inflammatory lesions, proliferative diseases of the epithelium and stroma to different types of neoplasms [1,7]. Though most of the available literature show that breast lumps are mostly benign and non-proliferative epithelial lesions, it is known that certain benign breast diseases (BBD) are important risk factors for breast cancers which can develop in either breast later [8,9]. Also literature has shown that proliferative breast diseases without atypia have a relative risk (risk compared to women without any risk factors) of 1.5 to 2.0 of developing invasive carcinoma while proliferative breast diseases with atypia (ADH and ALH) poses a 4.0 to 5.0 relative risk of invasive cancer development [1]. Other researchers equally have placed the relative risk of invasive cancer development at 1.3 to 1.9 for proliferative breast diseases without atypia [10-12]. Dupont et al however stated a relative risk of 3.1 for atypical lobular hyperplasia [11]. Over the years, in Nigeria there has been an increasing awareness of breast cancer with its attendant morbidity and mortality amongst the general populace, particularly from organized programmes by the Federal and State Ministries of Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), the various medical bodies, religious organizations, media outlets and most especially medical publications. This increased awareness has also been associated with much anxiety in persons who notice lumps in their breasts, necessitating increased presentations at health facilities. There is a great need for surgeons, pathologists, radiologists and oncologists not only to recognize benign breast lesions but to have a baseline data to aid accurate diagnosis, treatment, prognostication and ability to access prevalence of such lesions at risk of malignant transformation in our local environment. This multicentre analysis, a pioneer study in Bayelsa State of Nigeria aims at auditing the benign breast lesions in our environment to provide a comprehensive data that will form the basis for diagnosis, treatment, research and education.

 

 

This is a multicentre retrospective descriptive study based on all the surgical breast specimens received at the only three histopathology services centres in Bayelsa State including Federal Medical Centre Yenagoa, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri and a Private Histopathology facility in Yenagoa all in Bayelsa State, Nigeria from January 2009-December 2013. All the original request forms and histopathological reports on the breast specimens received within this study period in these three centres with their slides were retrieved from the archives and reviewed. From the request forms and histopathological reports, information on the age, sex, nature of specimen, hospital numbers, laboratory numbers and histopathological diagnosis were extracted. New slides were made from formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) where necessary for appropriate diagnosis and classification. The results obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods. Cases of breast lesions with incomplete data and cases of which we were unable to trace their slides or blocks were excluded from the study.

 

 

Out of 334 histopathologically diagnosed breast lesions, 228 (68.3%) were benign in nature. The ratio of benign to malignant lesions was 2.2:1. Of these 228 benign breast lesions seen, 217 (95.2%) were in females while 11 (4.8%) were in males giving a female to male ratio of 19.7:1. Table 1 shows Age and Sex distribution of benign breast lesions seen in the study. The age range of benign breast lesions was 14-67years while the peak incidence age range was the third decade (98; 43%). The mean age of the benign breast lesions was 29.1years. Fibroadenoma was the most common BBD as well as the most common fibroepithelial tumour encountered in the study; accounting for 104 cases (45.6%) of the total (Table 2). Fibroadenoma occurred most within the second and third decades of life in this study (Table 3) with a mean age of 23.1years. Fibrocystic change formed the second most common benign breast lesion accounting for 60 (26.3%) of all cases, occurring most in the third and fourth decade of life (Table 4) with a mean age of 31.1years. Inflammatory lesions of the breast accounted for 19 (8.3%) (Table 2) of the total benign breast lesion with most occurring within the 4th and 5th decades of life. These included fat necrosis 6, chronic non-specific mastitis 5, breast abscesses 4, chronic granulomatous lesions 3, duct ectasia 1. A few lesions of the breast skin were seen, 9 in number of which 6 were epidermal cysts, 2 fibroepithelial polyps and a keloid. Two cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia were observed in this study. No case of lobular hyperplasia with atypia was seen. Out of the 11 benign breast diseases found in males in this study, 9 (81.8%) were Gynaecomastia. Others were 1 lipoma and 1 epidermal cyst. The age range of occurrence of Gynaecomastia in this study was 16-70years.

 

 

Generally BBD constitute about 90% of breast lesions across the globe [13, 14]. The results of the index study showed that benign breast lesions constituted 68.3% (228) of the total breast lesions (334) studied. This is similar to the findings in other series in Nigeria: in which 67% [15], 68.8% [2], 71.2% [16], 72.5% [1], 73% [17] and 73.4%[18] were seen in Markudi, Enugu, Warri, Benin, Kano and Calabar respectively. On the other hand, lower figure of 59.5% [19] BBD was seen in Gombe while much higher figures of 87% [20] and 89% [1] were recorded in Ilesha and Ibadan respectively. In Tikrit city Iraq, BBD constituted 70.3% of total breast lesions in figures which is similar to our finding [21]. The overall mean age of occurrence of BBDs in this study was 29.1years. Similar mean ages for BBDs were reported by Olu-Eddo et al [8] (27.5years) and Echejoh et al [15] (32.2 years). These figures show that though generally BDD are the predominant breast lesions, there are some variations in their actual incidence from place to place.

 

The present study showed that fibroadenoma was the most common BBD in Bayelsa State as it constituted 45.6% of all the benign breast lesions seen. This result is not surprising as most of such studies in our country showed similar findings notably in Enugu (44%) [2], Benin (43%) [8], Markudi (45%) [15], Ilesha (46.2%) [20], Port Harcourt (51%) [22] and Ife (59.1%) [23]. In Ghana, another West African state, fibroadenoma formed the most common BBD with a large frequency of 70% of the total benign lesions [24]. Abhijit et al also reported fibroadenoma as the most common breast disease forming 56.4% of the total benign breast lesions in rural India [25]. A study in Kano, Northern Nigeria however reported fibrocystic change as the most common BBD with fibroadenoma as the second [8,16]. Also Memon et al [26] in Pakistan and Shirley et al [27] in Jamaica both reported fibrocystic change as the most common BBD in their series while another study in Karachi, Pakistan reported fibroadenoma as the most common BBD [28]. Our finding of high frequency of fibroadenoma among BBD is in concordance with most African studies and this may not be unconnected with the already noted racial predilection of blacks to the disease [28]. The index study also noted a sharp increase in the second decade with a peak in the 3rd decade for fibroadenoma followed by a drastic fall in incidence. This is in tandem with the findings of other researches in our environment and outside the country [8, 15, 21]. The mean age of occurrence of fibroadenoma among women in our study was 23.1years. This is very similar to the mean ages for fibroadenoma in Ibadan (24.4years) and Benin (22.9years) studies [3,8].

 

Fibrocystic change was the second most common benign breast lesion in the present study accounting for 26.3% of the total BBD seen (Table 2). This finding is in line with most studies in Nigeria [2,3,8,15,19,20,22,23]. Also other studies outside Nigeria, reported fibrocystic change as the second after fibroadenoma [29]. In a series from Northern Nigeria, fibrocystic change emerged the most common BBD [17]. Also certain studies in Iraq [21], Pakistan [26], USA [30] and Italy [31] documented fibrocystic change as the most common BBD. Our study result shows that 75% of fibrocystic change occurred in the 3rd and 4th decades of life with a mean age of occurrence of 31.1years. This agrees with similar findings by other authors in Benin [8] and Ibadan of mean ages 30years and 39.5years respectively. This result therefore supports the belief that fibrocystic change affects the older females more when compared to fibroadenoma. Inflammatory lesions seen in this study constituted 8.3% of the total BBD. This is similar to the 8.1% for inflammatory breast lesions found in Benin [8]. In Warri, Kano and Ife, inflammatory breast lesions accounted for 6.4%, 6% and 4.6% of the total BBD respectively [16,17,23]. However in Calabar and Port Harcourt, the authors recorded much higher frequencies of inflammatory breast lesions [18,22]. Our figure of 8.3% may not be truly representative of the actual frequency in our local environment because many breast abscesses and other inflammatory breast conditions are managed in our hospitals and clinics with incision and drainage and antibiotics. Only a few unresolved and suspicious cases achieve histopathological consultation.

 

The index study recorded only two cases (0.9%) of atypical ductal hyperplasia and no case of atypical lobular hyperplasia was documented. This finding is relatively low compared to those of nearby Warri [16] and Benin[8] where 3% and 3.9% respectively for both atypical and lobular hyperplasia were seen. Atypical epithelial hyperplasia is of great clinical significance because of its relationship with carcinoma [32]. Dupont et al [11] reported a four-fold increased risk compared to the general population for atypical hyperpasia. A relative risk of 4.0 to 5.0 have also been documented for subsequent development of invasive cancer [33].Our current low incidence of atypical hyperplasia can be explained partly by the fact that awareness and early presentation of patients with breast lumps is still relatively low in our locale. Other benign breast diseases encountered in this study include Tubular adenoma, Sclerosing adenosis and Benign phylloides tumour. Their frequencies were low and they exhibited no peculiar age relationship. Eleven (11) males had benign breast lesions in this study of which nine (9) were Gynaecomastia constituting 4% of the total benign breast diseases seen. The other two (2) lesions were epidermal cyst and lipoma. This is very similar to the findings in Kano and Ife of 4% and 3.9% for Gynaecomastia [17,23]. Lower figures of 2.1% and 0.9% have been recorded in Benin and Warri [8,16]. Higher figure of 14% for Gynaecomastia was recorded in Port Harcourt [22]. Skin lesions seen in this study were predominantly epidermal cysts which is similar to the study in Benin in which the predominant lumps in the skin were epithelial cysts. Though these skin lesions are not definitive breast lesions, the elucidation of their true histologic nature helped allay the patient's anxiety.

 

 

Benign breast diseases are the most common breast lesions in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Fibroadenoma is the most common type of benign breast disease followed by fibrocystic change in our environment. Atypical hyperplasia is comparatively in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Increased advocacy and availability of adequate screening facilities including mammography and histopathological services will go a long way towards detecting and treating atypical lesions early thereby reducing the chances of progression of these lesions to invasive cancer.

 

 

Authors declared no competing interests.

 

 

The first and second authors conceived the idea of doing this research and drew the initial study design. Together they analyzed the data, discussed the findings and wrote the entire manuscript. The second author did the data collation from the histopathology departments of the hospitals and the private histopathology centre. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of this manuscript.

 

 

To consultant pathologists of Precitime Specialist Histopathology Centre Yenagoa Bayelsa state for allowing access to their archives so that no data was left out in this comprehensive review.

 

 

Table 1: age and sex distribution of benign breast lesions

Table 2: frequency distribution of benign breast lesions

Table 3: age distribution of Fibroepithelial/stromal lesions

Table 4: age distribution of epithelial lesions

 

 

1. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-8th edition. 2010. Pennsylvania. Saunders. Google Scholar


2. Anyikam A, Nzegwu MA, Ozumba BC, Okoye I, Olusina DB. Benign breast lesions in Eastern Nigeria. Saudi Med J. 2008; 29(2):241-4. PubMed | Google Scholar


3. Irabor DO, Okolo CA. An audit of 149 consecutive breast biopsies in Ibadan, Nigeria. Pak J Med Sci. 2008; 24:257-62. Google Scholar


4. Yusufu LM, Odigie VI, Mohammed A. Breast masses in Zaria, Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2003; 2:13-6. Google Scholar


5. Doherty GM, Way LW. Current Surgical Diagnosis and Treatment. International edition.2nd edition.2006. McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar


6. Guray M, Sahin AA. Benign breast diseases: classification, diagnosis and management. Oncologist. 2006; 11(5):435-449. PubMed | Google Scholar


7. Tavassoli FA, Devilee P. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs.2003. France: IARC. PubMed | Google Scholar


8. Olu-Eddo AN, Ugiagbe EE. Benign breast lesions in an African population: A 25-year histopathological review of 1864 cases. Niger Med J. 2011; 52 (4):211-216. PubMed | Google Scholar


9. Santen RJ, Mansel R. Benign breast disorders. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (3):275-285. PubMed | Google Scholar


10. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312(3):146-151. PubMed | Google Scholar


11. Dupont WD, Parl FF, Hartmann WH, Brinton LA, Winfield AC, Worrell JA, et al. Breast cancer risk associated with proliferative breast disease and atypical hyperplasia. Cancer. 1993; 71(4):1258-1265. PubMed | Google Scholar


12. Palli D, Rosselli Del Turco M, Simoncini R, Bianchi S. Benign breast disease and breast cancer: a case-control study in a cohort in Italy. Int J Cancer. 1991; 47(5):703-705. PubMed | Google Scholar


13. Murillo Ortiz B, Botello Hernandez D, Ramirez Mateos C, Reynaga Garcia FJ. Benign breast diseases: clinical, radiological and pathological correlation. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2002; 70:613-8. PubMed | Google Scholar


14. Pollitt J, Gateley CA. Management of benign breast diseases of the breast. Surgery. 2004; 66:164-8. PubMed | Google Scholar


15. Echejoh G, Dzuachi D, Jenrola A. Histopathologic analysis of benign breast diseases in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria. Int J Med Med Sci. 2011; 3(5) 125-8. PubMed | Google Scholar


16. Forae GD, Nwachokor FN, Igbe AP, Odokuma EI, Ijomone EA. Benign breast diseases in Warri, Southern Nigeria: A spectrum of histopathological analysis. Ann Nigerian Med. 2014; 8:28-31. Google Scholar


17. Ochicha O, Edino ST, Mohammed AZ, Amin SN. Benign breast lesions in Kano. Nig J Surg Res. 2002; 4:1-5. Google Scholar


18. Otu AA. Benign breast disease in an African population. J R Coll Surg Edin. 1990;35(6):375-5. PubMed | Google Scholar


19. Mayun AA, Pindiga UH, Babayo UD. Pattern of histopathological diagnosis of breast lesions in Gombe, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2008; 17(2):159-62. PubMed | Google Scholar


20. Adesunkanmi AR, Agbakwuru EA. Benign breast disease at Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2001;20(2):146-51. PubMed | Google Scholar


21. Nadia Adnan Ghani. Benign breast disorders ' a histopathological study in Tikrit city. Diyala J Med. 2012; 3(1):27-35. PubMed | Google Scholar


22. Katchy KC, Datubo-Brown DD, Gogo-Abite M, Iweha UU. Benign breast lesions in Nigerian women in Rivers state. East Afr Med J. 1990; 67(3):201-4. PubMed | Google Scholar


23. Adeniji KA, Adelosola KA, Odesanmi WO. Benign disease of the breast in Ile-Ife: A 10year experience and literature review. Cent Afr J Med. 1997;43(5):140-3. PubMed | Google Scholar


24. Bewtra C. Fibroadenoma in women in Ghana. Pan Afr Med J. 2009; 2:11. PubMed | Google Scholar


25. Abhijit MG, Anantharaman D, Sumanth B, Ranjani R. Benign breast diseases: experience at a teaching hospital in rural India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2013; 1(2):73-78. PubMed | Google Scholar


26. Memon A, Parveen S, Sangrarasi AK, Malik AM, Laghari A, Talpur KAH. Changing Pattern of Benign Breast Lumps in Young Females. World J Med Sci. 2007; 2(1):21-24. PubMed | Google Scholar


27. Shirley SE, Mitchell DI, Soares DP, James M, Escoffery CT, Rhoden AM et al. Clinicopathologic features of breast disease in Jamaica: Findings of the Jamaican Breast Disease study, 2000-2002. West Indian J. 2008; 57(2):90-94. PubMed | Google Scholar


28. Nazar H, Bushra A, Nadia N, Zulfiquar A. Pattern of female breast diseases in Karachi. Biomedica. 2005; 21:36-38. PubMed | Google Scholar


29. Khanzada WT, Samad A, Sashel C. Spectrum of benign breast diseases. Pak J Med Sci. 2009; 25(2):265-268. PubMed | Google Scholar


30. Donegan WL, Spratt JS. Cancer of the breast-4th edition.1995.Philadelphia. Saunders WB. Google Scholar


31. Ciatto S, Bonardi R, Ravaioli A, Canuti D, Foglietta F, Modena S, et al. Benign breast disease surgical biopsies are they always justified? Tumori. 1998; 84(5):521-4. PubMed | Google Scholar


32. Page DL, Dupout WD. Histopathologic risk factors for breast cancer in women with benign breast disease. Semin Surg Oncol. 1988; 4(4):19-22. PubMed | Google Scholar


33. Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, Lingle WL, Degnim AC, Ghosh K, et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Eng J Med. 2005; 253(3):229-37. PubMed | Google Scholar