Cancer in Angola, resources and strategy for its control

Cancer in Angola, resources and strategy for its control

 

Lygia Vieira Lopes¹, Ana Vaz Conceição², João Blasques Oliveira³, António Tavares⁴, Clarinha Domingos⁵, Lucio Lara Santos^1,6,&

 

¹Sagrada Esperança Clinic, Angola, ²Girassol Clinic, Angola, ³Doctors of the world, Portugal, ⁴Angolan National Centre of Oncology, Angola, ⁵Military Hospital, Portugal, ⁶Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Portugal

 

 

^&Corresponding author
Lucio Lara Santos, Portuguese Institute of Oncology – Porto, Portugal

 

 

Low and middle income countries, that constitute the majority of African nations, have witnessed a 20% reduction in the per-capita global burden of disease (GBD) since 1990, due to a decrease in infectious/communicable diseases, malnutrition and neonatal illnesses [1].

 

By contrast, in those same countries non-communicable diseases are rising and are now responsible for 50% of the GBD. In this group of non-communicable diseases, the most relevant in prevalence are cerebrovascular and malignant diseases [2].

 

Africa has a complex demographic and epidemiological situation that defines the context of any health intervention: it has a very young population - 41% of which is under 15 years old - associated with a high fertility rate of 4.7 births per woman, but a growing number of Africans are now living beyond the age of 50 years. The UN estimates that people aged 60 years or more will make up almost 26% of the African population by 2050 [3]. In adults over 45 years old, the cause of death in 62% of the cases is related to non-communicable diseases, while only 33 % are related to communicable diseases.

 

Agyei-Mensah showed that the high rate of urbanization associated with very important discrepancies in wealth and increasing urban poverty numbers were associated with a double burden of diseases and epidemiological models. These include huge levels of infectious diseases as the main cause of illness and death, as well as an increasing number of chronic and non-communicable diseases, also leading to death and significant disability, and caused first by cardiovascular diseases but also by diabetes and cancer [4].

 

Therefore, cancer is an increasingly important health problem in Africa. According to Dr. Luis Sambo, the WHO Regional Director for Africa, the number of cancer cases in the region could double, ranging between 700 000 and 1 600 000 new cases in 2030. The mortality rate is higher than 80% and is mainly explained by a lack of early detection, diagnostic and treatment resources [5]. The most common types of cancer are: cancer of the cervix, breast, prostate, esophagus, stomach, head and neck, and cancers with a infectious origin, such as Kaposi`s sarcoma and liver and bladder cancers.

 

Oncologic diseases in Angola are still of minor importance, compared to infectious diseases, but their mortality rate is high. According to Globocan (2008) for Angola, cancer of the cervix is the most common, breast cancer being the second most common in females. In males, prostate cancer is the most prevalent, followed by hepatocellular carcinoma. Malignant tumors associated with HIV and with schistosomiasis are also relatively common [6,7].

 

The aim of this study is to identify existing resources for cancer control and describe the needs thereto, in order to establish an oncologic program to guide the development of cancer control strategies in Angola.

 

 

The data, including information about nosologic issues and specific resources, were obtained from open-ended interviews to health authorities, clinicians, nurses and hospital administrations conducted in 2010 and 2011. A literature review specifically focused on “cancer in Angola” was performed. Citation indexes were searched in Embase and PubMed databases. Taking into account the epidemiological data published for Angola, associated with the results of the interviews and with the international rules published and advocated for cancer control in low and middle income countries, we were able to achieve sufficient knowledge to draw up a potential strategy for cancer control in Angola.

 

 

Angola has just over 2200 doctors for about 16 million people with a life expectancy at birth of 47 years. Malaria remains the leading cause of illness and death, but its mortality rate is decreasing. HIV is another public health problem. The seroprevalence is 1.9% and about 20 new cases of HIV are detected every day. The Angolan State provides about 35 million dollars a year to combat this disease. Angola has five medical schools and there are several professional schools for nurses and other health professionals [8,9].

 

In Angola there are about 9000 new cases of cancer diagnosed each year, and there are 7000 deaths attributed yearly to this disease (Table 1). In 2006, 621 new cases of cancer were admitted to the National Oncology Center in Luanda. Two thirds were females and of these female cases 6% were under 15 years old. Twenty-four percent of these tumors were located in the breast, 16% in the uterine cervix, 9% were hematological, 7% were Kaposi`s sarcomas, 5% were skin, non-melanoma, and 3% were hepatocellular carcinomas. Fifty-three percent were in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis [6,7,10].

 

Angolan Resources

 

The National Oncology Center in Luanda is the oldest public center for the treatment of cancer patients in Angola. It has doctors, nurses, technicians and diagnostic capabilities. It also has chemotherapy facilities and professionals with experience in chemotherapy. There is a Varian® radiotherapy equipment, but it is not running yet. A network for data collection inside the country exists and sometimes acts as a referral service [10].

 

The Sagrada Esperança Clinic belongs to a public company named Endiama. In addition to imaging and laboratory facilities, this clinic also has pathology facilities and a unit for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of breast pathology, with multidisciplinary treatment decisions implemented. There are two training programs currently in progress: breast oncology for general practitioners and nurses, and a training program for urologists (Figure 2 and Figure 2). This clinic is also experienced in the surgical treatment of oncology, including breast. It is presently organizing a chemotherapy service, as well as a unit for control of chronic pain and a breast cancer screening program for Endiama employees.

 

The Girassol Clinic belongs to the public company Sonangol. This clinic has the capacity for diagnostic imaging, as well as laboratory facilities. It also has a specifically built oncology service, with a dedicated ward, a day care hospital, a radiotherapy unit (two sets of Artiste equipment of Siemens®), and Nuclear Medicine resources for which operational licenses are expected to be issued by the Atomic Energy Agency. This clinic has now started organizing this oncologic service and the first steps for cancer care have been taken.

 

The Américo Boavida Hospital, the David Bernardino Pediatric Hospital and the Josina Machel Hospital, are all teaching hospitals where most of the cancer patients are diagnosed. In these hospitals, there are diagnostic capabilities and experience in the surgical treatment of some cancers. Elsewhere in Angola, the provincial hospitals are the main places of diagnosis, referring patients to Luanda.

 

Partnerships

 

The Sagrada Esperança Clinic and the Girassol Clinic have the support of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology in Porto, Portugal, which is a comprehensive cancer center with OECI (Organization of European cancer Institutes) accreditation [11].

 

 

Cancer is already one of the leading causes of death in developing countries, including in Angola. The incidence of cancer in developing countries is growing because of improvements in the control of communicable diseases and the resulting increase in life expectancy [12]. Only 5% of global resources for cancer control are currently spent in developing countries. Up to one third of new cancer cases in developing countries could be prevented with proper awareness programs and other implementable primary prevention measures. Survival rates for one third of the patients could be increased if the cancer were detected earlier [12] .

 

On the other hand, facilities for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in most developing countries are scarce. Thus, the primary objective is the construction of a coherent program in a relatively short time, in which health gains are observed in a consistent manner, without forgetting the fundamental measures of primary and secondary prevention. This program will consist of organizational aspects and staff training, and will require some investment.

 

The strategy to combat the malignancy involves: investment and training; identification and removal of barriers; and guidance and protection of the patient, as described by Bridges et al. in the control of breast cancer [13].

 

Oncologic Program

 

Any non-communicable disease control program, including cancer control, must be built, from the beginning, on a comprehensive strategy that should include prevention, promotion of healthy behaviors, adequate and timely diagnosis and corresponding multidisciplinary treatment. This can be achieved by addressing the weaknesses of the health systems as a whole, particularly those of the existing hospital system at all levels [14].

 

The lack of appropriate resources for biopsies and limited training of doctors in the early detection of cancer are some of the constraints that impair the ability to have a clear picture of the epidemiology of cancer in Angola, and must be solved within the health system.

 

The foundation of a cancer program includes the following tasks: organization, training, investment, health education and behavioral change.

 

Organization

 

Keeping a Cancer Registry is a very important activity, because it allows assessment of the magnitude of the problem and is instrumental for the National Oncology Program in setting priorities and determining the resources which need to be allocated. The identification of the existing material and human resources also provide strategic information. The integration and cooperation between health facilities dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is crucial to increase proficiency in this area, avoiding unnecessary duplications [15].

 

Training

 

The training of dedicated medical staff should be associated with the acquisition of proper equipment [16]. A multidisciplinary decision model for establishing treatment and auditioning care quality and clinical results requires learning.

 

Investment

 

Investment in diagnostic facilities, pathology, surgical capacities, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and palliative care resources is fundamental and necessary [17,18].

 

Health education and behavioral change

 

Cancer control must rely on health promoting activities and preventive interventions. It is known that at least in some cancers, behaviors such as smoking and heavy drinking are related to a higher risk of malignant transformation. It is also known that the best results in cancer treatment are achieved with early detection, and this notion should be transmitted and promoted among the population. Thus, breast and oral cavity self-examination, as well as cervical cytology, should be encouraged. The urologic observation should also be stimulated in case of specific symptoms or age related risks [19].

 

Appropriate protocols

 

As is advocated by Gueye SM, it is simply unethical to screen the population and not have the capabilities to offer treatment for the detected diseases [20]. The occupational health services are present in most Angolan and foreign companies working in Angola. These services should have an important role in early diagnosis and prevention of most common malignancies. The therapeutic recommendation protocols in the area of oncology should take into account the resources available, the stage and biologic characteristics of the disease, the life expectancy of the population and the profile of the country, as well as the statements of the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries or the Breast Health Global Initiative [18].

 

 

The improving economic situation of Angola creates conditions for an increase in life expectancy, which in itself is associated with an increased risk of oncologic diseases. On the other hand, infectious diseases associated with the risk of malignant tumors are endemic. Thus, an increase in patients with malignant diseases is expected. It is therefore necessary to organize the response to this less visible nosologic situation.

 

 

We thank Ivone Ferrão, João P.Guerra and David Sanders for English language correction of article.

 

 

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

 

 

Substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, Lygia Vieira Lopes and Lucio Lara Santos; Acquisition of data and interpretation of data - Ana Vaz Conceição, António Tavares and Clarinha Domingos; D rafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content - João Blasques Oliveira and Lucio Lara Santos; Final approval of the version to be published: all authors.

 

 

Table 1: Angola - Most frequent cancers: male and female (Globocan 2008)

Figure 1: Breast cancer family doctors training, Sagrada Esperança Clinic

Figure 2: Medical post-graduation course in Oncology - Luanda

 

 

1. Parkin DM, Sitas F, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, Wabinga H. Part I: Cancer in Indigenous Africans-burden, distribution, and trends. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9 (7):683-92. This article on PubMed


2. Holmes MD, Dalal S, Volmink J, Adebamowo CA, Njelekela M,et al. Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2010; 7 (5):e1000244. This article on PubMed


3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables. Working Paper Accessed 10 April 2005 No. ESA/P/WP.220. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Documentation/pdf/WPP2010_Highlights.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


4. Agyei-Mensah S, de-Graft Aikins A. Epidemiological transition and the double burden of disease in Accra, Ghana. J Urban Health. 2010; 87 (5):879-97. This article on PubMed


5. Message of the WHO Regional Director for Africa Dr. Luis Gomes Sambo on the occasion of World Cancer Day, 2011. http://www.afro.who.int/en/rdo/speeches/2720-message-of-the-who-regional-director-for-africa-dr-luis-gomes-sambo-on-the-occasion-of-world-cancer-day-2011.html. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


6. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C and Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 .Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. http://globocan.iarc.fr. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


7. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D,Mathers C, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127 (12):2893-917. This article on PubMed


8. Angola Malaria Indicator, Survey 2011 (Portuguese report). Cosep Consultoria, Consaúde, ICF Macro. http://measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/MIS10/MIS10.pdf Accessed 23 May 2012


9. Report on the progress of the country to give follow-up to the commitments of the Session Special HIV and AIDS of the General Assembly United Nations, 2010. http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/progressreports/2010countries/angola_2010_country_progress_report_es.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


10. National Cancer Center - Angola, 2007. http://eportuguese.blogspot.com/2007/10/centro-oncolgico-de-angola.html. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


11. Boomsma F, Valeriola D, Harten W, Hummel H, Otter R, Saghatchian M. (2011) OECI Accreditation and Designation User Manual. Organisation of European Cancer Institutes. Belgium. www.oeci.eu. Accessed 12 Feb 2012.


12. Jemal A, Bray F, Forman D, O'Brien M, Ferlay J, Center M, Parkin DM. Cancer burden in Africa and opportunities for prevention. Cancer. 2012 Jan 17.. This article on PubMed


13. Bridges JF, Anderson BO, Buzaid AC, Jazieh AR, Niessen LW et al. Identifying important breast cancer control strategies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East/North Africa. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:227. This article on PubMed


14. Kmietowicz z. Tackle cancer in Africa now to prevent catastrophe, say health activists. BMJ. 2007; 334:1022-23. This article on PubMed


15. Harford JB, Otero IV, Anderson BO, Cazap E, Gradishar WJ, Gralow JR et al. Problem solving for breast health care delivery in low and middle resource countries (LMCs): consensus statement from the Breast Health Global Initiative. Breast. 2011; 20 Suppl 2:S20-9. This article on PubMed


16. Grey N, Garces A. Cancer control in low- and middle-income countries: the role of primary care physicians. Prim Care. 2009; 36 (3):455-70. This article on PubMed


17. Orem J, Wabinga H. The roles of national cancer research institutions in evolving a comprehensive cancer control program in a developing country: experience from Uganda. Oncology. 2009; 77 (5):272-80. This article on PubMed


18. Farmer P, Frenk J, Knaul FM, Shulman LN, Alleyne G, et al. (2010) Expansion of cancer care and control in countries of low and middle income: a call to action. Lancet. 2010; 376 (9747):1186-93. This article on PubMed


19. Sitas F, Parkin DM, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, Wabinga H. Part II: Cancer in Indigenous Africans--causes and control. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9 (8):786-95. This article on PubMed


20. Beishon M. Serigne Magueye Gueye: an agent for change. Cancer World. 2010; 4-11