Establishing a One Health office in Kenya

Establishing a One Health office in Kenya

 

Murithi Mbabu¹, Ian Njeru², Sarah File³, Eric Osoro^4,&, Stella Kiambi⁴, Austine Bitek⁴, Peter Ithondeka¹, Salome Kairu-Wanyoike¹, Shanaaz Sharif², Eric Gogstad^5,6, Francis Gakuya⁷, Kaitlin Sandhaus⁸, Peninah Munyua⁵, Joel Montgomery^5,8, Robert Breiman^5,9, Carol Rubin³, Kariuki Njenga⁵

 

¹Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Nairobi, Kenya, ²Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, ³One Health Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, ⁴Zoonotic Disease Unit, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, ⁵Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, ⁶Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, ⁷Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya, ⁸Global Implementation Solutions, Chicago, Illinois, USA, ⁹Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

 

 

^&Corresponding author
Eric Osoro, Zoonotic Disease Unit, Government of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

 

 

 

 

Emerging infectious diseases are a major global concern, in part because they cause high morbidity and mortality among humans, and they have the potential for disrupting international travel and commerce [1-3]. In addition, the cost of responding to these diseases is usually high [4]. Over 65% of emerging infectious diseases and a large number of endemic diseases are zoonotic. The East Africa region bear a large burden of emerging infectious diseases such as Rift Valley fever (RVF), Ebola, Marburg, Dengue, and Yellow fever; and also endemic zoonoses such as rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, and helminthiasis [5-10]. Unfortunately the surveillance and response systems for these zoonotic diseases is traditionally undertaken separately by the human, animal, and environmental health sectors, with minimal collaboration between these disciplines, resulting in inadequate prevention and control of these diseases [11].

 

An effective One Health (OH) approach can enhance a timely and effective response to epidemics of zoonotic diseases, increase the chances of controlling these diseases in the environment and animals to prevent transmission to humans, and generate better understanding of the mechanisms of disease maintenance and transmission [11-14]. As a major step towards actualizing a global OH approach,a tripartite agreement between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO),and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) was established in 2006,creating a global warning system for the prediction, prevention, and control of animal disease threats [15,16]. In addition, the OIE in 2010 created a mechanism for assessing OH performance of veterinary services in member countries [17]. WHO launched the revised International Health Regulations (IHR) in 2007 to improve prevention and response to public health risks that have the potential to cross borders and cause international epidemics by requiring countries to strengthen disease surveillance capabilities and report specified disease outbreaks and public health events within a defined timeframe [18]. At the 61^st session in 2008, the World Health Assembly approved twenty indicators for monitoring country compliance with the IHR [19, 20]. The indicators included the requirement that each country should have a surveillance system for zoonotic diseases and should establish a mechanism for coordinating zoonotic disease management between human and animal health sectors [19, 20]. These steps by the international agencies set the stage for countries toinstitutionalize their own OH approaches.

 

 

Kenya one health office

 

In September 2010, Kenya held a three-day workshop to review its response to zoonotic diseases. The workshop was attended by representatives from the Ministry of Health, (MOH), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries (MALF), United States’ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), FAO, WHO,OIE, and other stakeholders. The workshop recommended the creation of a national OH office working with the human and animal health ministries. This was followed by a memorandum of understanding creating the office, referred to as the Zoonotic Disease Unit (ZDU). The objective of ZDU was to establish and maintain active collaboration at the animal, human, and ecosystem interfaces towards better prevention and control of zoonotic diseases. The unit was charged with developing policies and guidelines for an integrated management and response to zoonotic diseases, and to spearhead the coordination of surveillance and outbreak response.

 

The ZDU became operational on March 1, 2012. It consists of one medical epidemiologist deployed from MOH, one veterinary epidemiologist deployed from MALF, a data analyst, and an administrative assistant (Figure 1). Both of the epidemiologists deployed to the ZDU remain part of their respective ministries.The ZDU serves as the secretariat of a multi-sector zoonosis technical working group that provides guidance and leadership to the government on prevention and control of zoonoses (Figure 1). Following the creation of a devolved government in Kenya in 2013, the ZDU began the process of establishing county and sub-county OH systems by appointing and training OH persons from each of these levels in the country (Figure 1). In addition, an ecologist from the environmental sector will be addedto the permanent staff at the ZDU. The ZDU is working to bridge the gap between human and animal health sectors in various disease management capacities and systematically developing prevention and control strategies for the identified priority zoonotic diseases for the country.

 

A strategic plan for the implementation of OH in the Country

 

A 5-year plan for the implementation of OH in Kenya was launched on October 3, 2012 with three objectives. The first objective is to establish coordination structures and partnerships that promote OH in the country. Whereas the human-animal health linkage is evident in the organizational structure of ZDU, involvement of other areas, including the environmental sector (entomology, microbiology, meteorology, geology, ecology) is important in understanding the factors associated with endemic and emerging disease threats. Through the ZDU, linkages between national and sub-national human and animal health activities will be enhanced. In addition, the curriculum of the medical, veterinary, and public health institutions will be revised to include OH approaches. The ZDU will create OH structures at the county and sub-county levels, involving identifying and training OH officer from the animal or human health within each of Kenya’s 47 counties (Figure 1).

 

The second objective is to strengthen surveillance, detection, prevention, and control of zoonoses in both humans and animals. Kenya plans to strengthen systematic surveillance of zoonotic diseases in animal and human in order to understand the burden of disease and identify hot spots within the country. Subsequently, the country will develop or adopt prevention and control guidelines for each disease, including the support of testing and licensing of approved and commercially available animal and human vaccines for the prevention of zoonotic diseases.

 

The third objective is to stimulate and conduct research and training at the human-animal-ecosystem interfaces. Apart from identifying and promoting priority research on zoonoses, the ZDU is providing field training and mentorship to veterinary, medical, and public health trainees using existing surveillance and training platforms. Special studies to understand the socioeconomic impact of zoonotic diseases on individual households and the country will be carried out. During zoonotic epidemics, the ZDU will undertake special studies to determine transmission mechanisms including cross-species pathogen subtypes.

 

 

Immediate successes

 

In its three years of existence, the ZDU has had a number of successes. A list of priority zoonotic diseases was developed in 2013 (Table 1). The country has developed a risk map for Rift Valley fever disease and revised the contingency plan for the disease to ensure an OH approach to coordination and response. Most recently, the ZDU has coordinated the development of a strategic plan for the elimination of rabies in the country, which was launched on the World Rabies Day in September 2014 and the implementation planned from early 2015. Administratively, the ZDU is now fully integrated as a functioning unit by both ministries (MOH and MALF) with budget lines allocated for its activities.

 

 

The ZDU is a good model for cooperation between human and animal health sectors at a national level. This approach has and will continue to result in greater compliance by Kenya with WHO/IHR and OIE guidelines on public health threats. In addition, a number of countries have expressed interest in adopting the Kenya OH model. The ZDU and OH approaches in Kenya face a number of challenges. First, the addition of an ecologist from the environment sector need to be implemented immediately in order to ensure environmental risk associated with emerging and endemic diseases are addressed. Second, expanding the OH approach to the sub-national level will be challenging because of the concerns of creating an additional bureaucratic process. Third, whereas the gaps that need strengthening in the human and animal health sectors are clear, the areas of collaboration with environmental experts are not as clear. Finally, the government of Kenya and international partners will need to continue to provide the resources necessary forthe ZDU to fulfill its mission as it works to develop and implement disease prevention and control guidelines into the future.

 

 

The authors declare no competing interests.

 

 

Murithi Mbabu, Ian Njeru, Peter Ithondeka, Salome Kairu-Wanyoike, Shanaaz Sharif, Francis Gakuya and Kariuki Njenga: Conceived the idea of creating OH Kenya office and drafted the ZDU organogram. Sarah File, Eric Gogstad, Peninah Munyua, Joel Montgomery, Robert Breiman and Carol Rubin: Contributed to obtaining funding for setting up the OH office and reviewed the manuscript. Eric Osoro, Stella Kiambi and Austine Bitek: Conducted the literature review and wrote first draft of the manuscript. Kaitlin Sandhaus: Reviewed manuscript and participated in coordination of the Zoonotic Technical Working Group. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

 

 

We wish to thank the Kenyan offices of the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and many staff members from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Kenya Wildlife Service, and Kenya Medical Research Institute for their participation in the creation of the ZDU. The Africa Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), the United States Department of State’s Biosecurity Engagement Program, and the Cooperative Biological Engagement Program of the United States Department of Defense provided funding and participated in theplanningmeetings and workshops. Norah Musee, Grace Wanjau, and Doris Marwanga from the CDC-Kenya office and Barbara Hoffman and Toria Shaw from Global Implementation Solutions provided helpful suggestions and administrative support. Sarah File was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the United States Department of Energy and CDC.

 

 

Table 1: priority zoonotic diseases for Kenya

Figure 1: organizational chart showing the relationship between ZDU and parent Ministries in Kenya. The ZDU medical epidemiologist reports to the head of the Division of Communicable Disease Prevention and Control (DCDPC) in the Ministry of Health (MOH) whereas the veterinary epidemiologist reports to the head of the Veterinary Epidemiologyand Economics Unit (VEEU) in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF)

 

 

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