References

  1. Teeson M, Slade T Mills K. Comorbidity in Australia: findings of the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009; 43 (7): 606-614. PubMed| Google Scholar

  2. Chatterji P, Alegria M, Takeuchi D. Racial/ethnic differences in the effects of psychiatric disorders on employment. Atl Econ J. 2009; 37 (3): 243-257. PubMed| Google Scholar

  3. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, et al. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009; 18 (1): 23-3. PubMed| Google Scholar

  4. Kessler RC, Crum R, Warner LA, Nelson CB, et al. Lifetime occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 54(4): 313-321. PubMed| Google Scholar

  5. Glassner-Edwards S, Mooney LJ, Marinelli-Casey P, Hillhouse M, et al. Anxiety disorders among methamphetamine dependent adults: association with post-treatment functioning. Am J Addict. 2010 ; 19(5): 385-390. PubMed| Google Scholar

  6. Goldstein BI, Bukstein OG. Comorbid substance use disorders among youth with bipolar disorder: opportunities for early identification and prevention. J Clin Psychiatry, Online ahead of print: December 1, 2009; (doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05222gry). PubMed| Google Scholar

  7. Buckley PF. Dual diagnosis of substance abuse and severe mental illness: the scope of the problem. J Dual Diagnosis. 2007; 3(2): 59-62. PubMed| Google Scholar

  8. de Graaf R, Bijl RV, ten Have M, Beckman AT F, et al. Rapid onset of common mental disorders: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004; 109, 55-63. PubMed| Google Scholar

  9. Armstrong TA, Costello EJ. Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2002; 70, 1224-123. PubMed| Google Scholar

  10. Sharan P, Gallo C, Gureje O, Lamberti E, et al. Mental health research priorities in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Brit J Psychiatry. 2009; 195(4): 354-363. PubMed| Google Scholar

  11. Saban A , Flisher AJ. The association between psychopathology and substance use: a review of the literature. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2010; 42(1): 37-47. PubMed| Google Scholar

  12. Hovens JGFM, Cantwell DP, Kiriakos R. Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalised adolescent substance abusers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994; 33(4): 476-483. PubMed| Google Scholar

  13. Brook JS, Whiteman M, Cohen P, Shapiro J, Balka E. Longitudinally predicting late adolescent and young adult drug use: childhood and adolescent precursors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 34(9): 1230-1238. PubMed| Google Scholar

  14. Riggs PD, Bauer S, Mikulich SK, Young SE, et al. Depression in substance-dependent delinquents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 34(6): 764-771. PubMed| Google Scholar

  15. Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996; 35(1): 101-109. PubMed| Google Scholar

  16. Deykin EY, Buka SL. Prevalence and risk factors for PTSD among chemically-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154(6): 752-757. PubMed| Google Scholar

  17. Escobedo LG, Reddy M, Giovino GA. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents. Addiction. 1998; 93, 433-440. PubMed| Google Scholar

  18. Costello EJ, Erkanli A, Federman A, Angold A. Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: effects of timing and sex. J Clin Child Psychol. 1999; 28(3): 298-311. PubMed| Google Scholar

  19. McGee R, Williams S, Poulton R, Moffit T. A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction. 2000; 95(4): 491-503. PubMed| Google Scholar

  20. Shrier LA, Harris SK, Kurland M, Knight JR. Substance use problems and associated psychiatric symptoms among adolescents in primary care. Pediatrics. 2003; 111(6): 699-705. PubMed| Google Scholar

  21. Grilo CM, Becker DF, Walker ML, Levy KN, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent inpatients with substance use disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 34(8): 1085-1091. PubMed| Google Scholar

  22. Ferdinand RF, Blum M, Verhulst FC. Psychopathology in adolescence predicts substance use in young adulthood. Addiction. 2001; 96(6): 861-870. PubMed| Google Scholar

  23. Brooner RK, King VL, Kidorf M, Schmidt(Jr) CW, et al. Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity among treatment-seeking opioid abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Jan;54(1):71-80. PubMed| Google Scholar

  24. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Comrbidity between depressive disorders and nicotine dependence in a cohort of 16 year olds. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;53(11):1043-7. PubMed| Google Scholar

  25. Kendler KS, Neale MC, MacClean CJ, Heath,AC, et al. Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jan;50(1):36-43. PubMed| Google Scholar

  26. Araujo NP, Monteiro MG. Family history of alcoholism and psychiatric comorbidity in Brazilian male alcoholics and controls. Addiction. 1995 Sep;90(9):1205-11. PubMed| Google Scholar

  27. Boyle MH, Offord DR, Racine YA, Szatmari P, et al. Predicting substance use in late adolescence: results from the Ontario Child Health Study follow-up. Am J Psychiatry . 1992; 149(6): 761-67. PubMed| Google Scholar

  28. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: a comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Addiction. 2001 Nov;96(11):1603-14. PubMed| Google Scholar

  29. Stein DJ, Williams DR, Kessler RC. The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: a scientific basis for mental health policy. S Afr Med J. 2009; 99(5): 337. PubMed| Google Scholar

  30. Herman AA, Stein DJ, Seedat S, Heeringa SG, et al. The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study: 12-month and lifetime prevalence of common mental disorders. S Afr Med J. 2009; 99(5): 339-344. PubMed| Google Scholar

  31. Williams DR, Herman A, Kessler RC, et al. The South African Stress and Health Study: rationale and design. Metab Brain Dis. 2004 Jun;19(1-2):135-47. PubMed| Google Scholar

  32. Kon ZR, Lackan N. Ethnic disparities in access to care in post-Apartheid South Africa. Am J Pub Health. 2008; 98(12): 2272-2277. PubMed| Google Scholar

  33. Kessler RC, Ustun TB. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2004;13(2):93-121. PubMed| Google Scholar

  34. STATA Version 10. 2007. Texas: College Station, StataCorp LP. Google Scholar

  35. Steinhausen H-C, Metzke CW. The validity of adolescent types of alcohol use. J Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 2003; 44(5): 677-686. PubMed| Google Scholar

  36. Seedat S, Scott KM, Angermeyer MC, Berglund P, et al. Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;66(7):785-95. PubMed| Google Scholar

  37. Rodriguez E, Allen JA, Frongillo EA Jr, Chandra P. Unemployment, depression and health: a look at the African-American community. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Jun;53(6):335-42. PubMed| Google Scholar

  38. Jackson PB, Williams DR, Stein DJ, Herman A, et al. Race and psychological distress: The South African Stress and Health Study. J Health Soc Behav. 2010; 51 (4): 458-477. PubMed| Google Scholar

  39. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27. PubMed| Google Scholar

  40. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou P, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;61(8):807-16. PubMed| Google Scholar

  41. Triffleman EG, Marmar CR, Delucchi KL, Ronfeldt H. Childhood trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance abuse inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995 Mar;183(3):172-6. PubMed| Google Scholar

  42. McFall ME, Mackay PW, Donovan DM. Combat-related PTSD and psychosocial adjustment problems among substance abusing veterans. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991 Jan;179(1):33-8. PubMed| Google Scholar

  43. Cacciola JS, Koppenhaver JM, Alterman AI, McKay JR. Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in substance abusing patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Apr 1;101(1-2):27-33. PubMed| Google Scholar

  44. Tomlinson M, Grimsrud AT, Stein DJ, Williams DR, et al. The epidemiology of major depression in South Africa: results from the South African Stress and Health study. S Afr Med J. 2009; 99 (5): 368-373. PubMed| Google Scholar