References
- Theodoridou A, Rössler W. Disease Burden and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, editors, Handbook of Disease Burdens and Quality of Life Measures, New York, NY: Springer New York. 2010;1493-1507. Google Scholar
- Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197-2223. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Vigo D, Thornicroft G, Atun R. Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(2):171-178. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743-800.
- Walker ER, McGee RE, Druss BG. Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry. 2015;72(4):334-341. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Hayes JF, Miles J, Walters K, King M, Osborn DP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder. Acta psychiatr Scand. 2015;131(6):417-425. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Sharifi V, Amini H, Shahrivar Z, Mottaghipour Y, Gharaee JM, Alaghband-Rad J. Course of Psychotic Disorders: A 3-Year Follow-up Study of Patients with First Episode Psychosis. Iran J Psychiatry. 2014;20(1). Google Scholar
- Larson MK, Walker EF, Compton MT. Early signs, diagnosis and therapeutics of the prodromal phase of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Expert rev of neurother. 2010;10(8):1347-1359. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Bechdolf A, Ratheesh A, Wood S, Tecic T, Conus P, Nelson B et al. Rationale and First Results of Developing At-Risk (Prodromal) Criteria for Bipolar Disorder. 2012;18(4):358-75. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Post RM, Leverich GS, Kupka RW, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL et al. Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood.J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;71(7):864-872. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch gen psychiatry. 2005;62(9):975-983. PubMed | Google Scholar
- O'Callaghan E, Turner N, Renwick L, Jackson D, Sutton M, Foley SD et al. First episode psychosis and the trail to secondary care: help-seeking and health-system delays. Soc psychiatry psychiatr epidemio. 2010;45(3):381-391. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Srihari VH, Tek C, Pollard J, Zimmet S, Keat J, Cahill JD et al. Reducing the duration of untreated psychosis and its impact in the US: the STEP-ED study. BMC Psychiatr. 2014;14:335. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Rogler LH, Cortes DE. Help-seeking pathways: a unifying concept in mental health care. Am J psychiatry. 1993;150(4):554-561. PubMed | Google Scholar
- World Health Organization and Ministry of Health Tunisia. WHO-AIMS report on mental health system in Tunisia. Tunisia: WHO Press. 2008.
- Spagnolo J, Champagne F, Leduc N, Rivard M, Piat M, Laporta M et al. Mental health knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy among primary care physicians working in the Greater Tunis area of Tunisia. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2018;12:63. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Strategie de cooperation OMS'Tunisie: 2010-2014. OMS, Bureau régional de la Méditerrannée orientale. 2010.
- Volpe U, Mihai A, Jordanova V, Sartorius N. The pathways to mental healthcare worldwide: a systematic review. Curr Opin psychiatry. 2015;28(4):299-306. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Bhui K, Ullrich S, Coid JW. Which pathways to psychiatric care lead to earlier treatment and a shorter duration of first-episode psychosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:72. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Ikwuka U, Galbraith N, Manktelow K, Chen-Wilson J, Oyebode F, Muomah RC et al. Pathways to mental healthcare in south-eastern Nigeria. Transcult psychiatry. 2016;53(5):574-594. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Bekele YY, Flisher AJ, Alem A, Baheretebeb Y. Pathways to psychiatric care in Ethiopia. Psychol Med. 2009;39(3):475-483. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Ibrahim A, Hor S, Bahar OS, Dwomoh D, McKay MM, Esena RK et al. Pathways to psychiatric care for mental disorders: a retrospective study of patients seeking mental health services at a public psychiatric facility in Ghana. Int J MentHealthSyst. 2016;10:63. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kisa R, Baingana F, Kajungu R, Mangen PO, Angdembe M, Gwaikolo W et al. Pathways and access to mental health care services by persons living with severe mental disorders and epilepsy in Uganda, Liberia and Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:305. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Mkize LP, Uys LR. Pathways to mental health care in KwaZulu--Natal. Curationis. 2004;27(3):62-71. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Shai M, Sodi T. Pathways to mental health care by members of a rural community in South Africa. J Psychol Africa. 2015;25(3):191-194. Google Scholar
- Evans-Lacko S, Jarrett M, McCrone P, Thornicroft G. Facilitators and barriers to implementing clinical care pathways. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:182. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Gater R, Goldberg D. Pathways to psychiatric care in South Manchester. British J Psychiatry. 1991;159:90-96. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Gater R, de Almeida e Sousa B, Barrientos G, Caraveo J, Chandrashekar CR, Dhadphale M et al. The pathways to psychiatric care: a cross-cultural study. Psychol Med. 1991;21(3):761-774. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Gater R, Jordanova V, Maric N, Alikaj V, Bajs M, Cavic T et al. Pathways to psychiatric care in Eastern Europe. British J Psychiatry. 2005;186:529-535. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Hashimoto N, Fujisawa D, Giasuddin NA, Kenchaiah BK, Narmandakh A, Dugerragchaa K et al. Pathways to mental health care in Bangladesh, India, Japan, Mongolia, and Nepal. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):1847-1857. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Adeosun, II, Adegbohun AA, Adewumi TA, Jeje OO. The Pathways to the First Contact with Mental Health Services among Patients with Schizophrenia in Lagos, Nigeria. Schizophr Res Treatment. 2013;2013:769161. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Cooper S. Research on help-seeking for mental illness in Africa: Dominant approaches and possible alternatives. Transcult Psychiatry. 2016;53(6):696-718. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Jain N, Gautam S, Jain S, Gupta ID, Batra L, Sharma R et al. Pathway to psychiatric care in a tertiary mental health facility in Jaipur, India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2012;5(4):303-308. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Yazici E, Yazici A, ince m, Erol A, Erdogan A, Selim Ikiz H et al. The search for traditional religious treatment amongst schizophrenic patients: The current situation. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2015;17(3). Google Scholar
- Boudjenoun M. Djinns & démons: selon le Coran et la sunna: Edition Distribution Houma. 1996.
- Bouhlel S, Ben Haouala S, Klibi A, Ghaouar M, Chennoufi L, Melki W et al. Assessing beliefs and attitudes of relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a study in a Tunisian sample. L'Encephale. 2013;39(3):165-173. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Cherif W, Elloumi H, Ateb A, Nacef F, Cheour M, Roelandt J et al. Social representations of the psychiatric diseases in Tunisia. Tunis Med. 2012;90(11):793-797. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2009;39(2):179-195. PubMed | Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Prevention of mental disorders: Effective interventions and policy options: Summary report: Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004. Google Scholar
- Castillo EG, Ijadi-Maghsoodi R, Shadravan S, Moore E, Mensah MO, Docherty M et al. Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(5):35. PubMed | Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Mental health policies and programmes in the workplace. Geneve. 2005. Google Scholar
- Howes OD, Falkenberg I. Early detection and intervention in bipolar affective disorder: targeting the development of the disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13(6):493-499. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Dutta M, Spoorthy MS, Patel S, Agarwala N. Factors responsible for delay in treatment seeking in patients with psychosis: a qualitative study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(1):53-59. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Platz C, Umbricht DS, Cattapan-Ludewig K, Dvorsky D, Arbach D, Brenner H-D et al. Help-seeking pathways in early psychosis. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2006;41(12):967-974. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Birnbaum ML, Wan CR, Broussard B, Compton MT. Associations between duration of untreated psychosis and domains of positive and negative symptoms. Early interv psychiatry. 2011;11(5):375-382. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Naqvi HA, Hussain S, Zaman M, Islam M. Pathways to care: duration of untreated psychosis from Karachi, Pakistan. PloS one. 2009;4(10):e7409. PubMed | Google Scholar