References

  1. Zhang Shihao, Wadhwa Rishi, Haydel Justin, Toms Jamie, Johnson Kendrick, Guthikonda Bharat. Spine and spinal cord trauma: diagnosis and management. Neurol Clin. 2013; 31(1):183-206. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Kumar Ramesh, Lim Jaims, Mekary Rania A, Rattani Abbas, Dewan Michael C, Sharif Salman Y, Osorio-Fonseca Enrique, Park Kee B. Traumatic spinal injury: global epidemiology and worldwide volume. World Neurosurg. 2018; 113:e345-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Stiell Ian G, Clement Catherine M, McKnight R Douglas, Brison Robert, Schull Michael J, Rowe Brian H, Worthington James R et al. The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(26):2510-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Bickenbach Jerome, Officer Alana, Shakespeare Tom, von Groote Per. International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury. Accessed 16 June 2018.

  5. Chiu Wen-Ta, Lin Hsiao-Chiao, Lam Carlos, Chu Shu-Fen, Chiang Yung-Hsaio, Tsai Shin-Han. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: comparisons between developed and developing countries. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2010; 22(1):9-18. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Nwankwo Okechukwu E, Uche Enoch O. Epidemiological and treatment profiles of spinal cord injury in southeast Nigeria. Spinal Cord. 2013; 51(6):448-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Nwadinigwe Cajetan U, Iloabuchi Tochukwu C, Nwabude, Ikechukwu A. Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCI): a study of 104 cases. Niger J Med. 2004; 13(2):161-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Solagberu Babatunde A. Spinal cord injuries in Ilorin, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2002; 21(3):230-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Draulans Nathalie, Kiekens Carlotte, Roels E, Peers Koen. Etiology of spinal cord injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Spinal Cord. 2011; 49(12):1148-54. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Obalum DC, Giwa SO, Adekoya-Cole TO, Enweluzo GO. Profile of spinal injuries in Lagos, Nigeria. Spinal Cord. 2009; 47(2):134-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Olasode Babatunde J, Komolafe IE, Komolafe M, Olasode Olayinka A. Traumatic spinal cord injuries in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, and its environs. Trop Doct. 2006; 36(3):181-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Karamehmetoğlu Şafak S, Nas K, Karacan I, Sarac AJ, Koyuncu H, Ataoğlu S, Erdoğan F. Traumatic spinal cord injuries in southeast Turkey: an epidemiological study. Spinal Cord. 1997; 35(8):531-3. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. De Vivo Michael J. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications. Spinal Cord. 2012; 50(5):365-72. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Pickett Gwynedd E, Campos-Benitez Mauricio, Keller Jana L, Duggal Neil. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Canada. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006; 31(7):799-805. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Igun GO, Obekpa OP, Ugwu BT, Nwadiaro HC. Spinal injuries in the Plateau State, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1999; 76(2):75-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. WHO. Road traffic injuries. Accessed 29 August 2018.

  17. Mathers Colin D, Loncar Dejan. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006; 3(11):e442. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Korter Grace O, Olubusoye Olusanya E, Salisu Mees A. Spatio-temporal analysis of characteristics and causes of road traffic crashes in Oyo state of Nigeria. Nigerian Health Journal. 2013; 13(4):166-81. Google Scholar

  19. Atubi A, Gbadamosi K. Global positioning and socio-economic impact of road traffic accidents in Nigeria: Matters arising. Am Int J Contemp Res. 2015; 5(5):136-46. Google Scholar

  20. Labinjo Mariam, Juillard Catherine, Kobusingye Olive C, Hyder Adnan A. The burden of road traffic injuries in Nigeria: results of a population-based survey. Inj Prev. 2009; 15(3):157-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Sydhagen Kristine, Cunningham Peter. Human resource development in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Resource Development International. 2007; 10(2):121-35. Google Scholar

  22. Harper Sarah. Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science. 2014; 346(6209):587-91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Kawu AA, Alimi FM, Gbadegesin AAS, Salami AO, Olawepo A, Adebule TG, Shamsi H. Complications and causes of death in spinal cord injury patients in Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2011; 30(4):301-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Frielingsdorf K, Dunn Robert N. Cervical spine injury outcome-a review of 101 cases treated in a tertiary referral unit. S Afr Med J. 2007; 97(3):203-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Van den Berg Maayken EL, Castellote Juan M, de Pedro-Cuesta Jesús, Mahillo-Fernandez Ignacio. Survival after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma. 2010; 27(8):1517-28. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Casey Corinna Y, Greenberg Melanie A, Nicassio Perry M, Harpin R Edward, Hubbard David. Transition from acute to chronic pain and disability: a model including cognitive, affective, and trauma factors. Pain. 2008; 134(1-2):69-79. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Carette Simon. Whiplash injury and chronic neck pain. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330(15):1083-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Buskila Dan, Neumann Lily, Vaisberg Genady, Alkalay Daphna, Wolfe Frederick. Increased rates of fibromyalgia following cervical spine injury: a controlled study of 161 cases of traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 40(3):446-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Ogungbo Biodun. Anterior decompression, fusion and plating in cervical spine injury: Early experience in Abuja, Nigeria. Surg Neurol Int. 2011; 2:156. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Cassidy Laura D, Olaomi Oluwole, Ertl Allison, Ameh Emmanuel A. Collaborative Development and Results of a Nigerian Trauma Registry. J Registry Manag. 2016; 43(1):23-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Jónsson Hĺkan Jr, Bring Gunilla, Rauschning Wolfgang, Salhstedt Bo. Hidden cervical spine injuries in traffic accident victims with skull fractures. J Spinal Disord. 1991; 4(3):251-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Bayless Patricia, Ray V Gail. Incidence of cervical spine injuries in association with blunt head trauma. Am J Emerg Med. 1989; 7(2):139-42. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Elahi Mohammed M, Brar Mantaj S, Ahmed Najma, Howley D Brent, Nishtar Saadia, Mahoney James L. Cervical spine injury in association with craniomaxillofacial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008; 121(1):201-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Maynard Frederick M, Bracken Michael B, Creasey GJFD, Ditunno John F, Donovan William H, Ducker Thomas B, Garber Susan L et al. International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1997; 35(5):266-74. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Lin Yi-Chen. The global distribution of the burden of road traffic injuries: Evolution and intra-distribution mobility. J Transp Geogr. 2016; 56:77-91. Google Scholar

  36. Billingsley Saul, Bishop Tom, Poswayo Ayikai, Silverman Avi, Witte Jeffrey. Step change: An agenda on safe walking for Africa's children. Accessed 16 June 2018.

  37. Al-Hasan Abubakar Z, Momoh Shaka, Eboreime Lucky. Urban poverty and informal motorcycle transport services in a Nigerian intermediate settlement: a synthesis of operative motives and satisfaction. Urban, Planning and Transport Research. 2015; 3(1):1-18. Google Scholar

  38. Ezeh Fred. Okada returns to Abuja city centre. Accessed 16 May 2018.

  39. Agbajileke Owede. Yusuf Buhari's accident re-emphasises need for strict regulation on power bikes. Accessed 16 May 2018.

  40. Bassey DE, Swomen H. Tri-motorcycle accidents in Abuja Nigeria. Inj Prev. 2012; 18(Suppl 1):A191. Google Scholar

  41. Odumosu Abimbola, Yaro Dele. Perception of motorcycle infrastructure provision and use in Abuja Metropolis. Accessed 16 May 2018.

  42. Elejalde-Ruiz Alexia. Fear, anxiety, apprehension: Immigrants fear doctor visits could leave them vulnerable to deportation. Accessed 16 May 2018.

  43. Faduyile Francis, Emiogun Festus, Soyemi Sunday, Oyewole Olugbenga, Okeke Uche, Williams Oluseun. Pattern of injuries in fatal motorcycle accidents seen in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital: An autopsy-based study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017; 5(2):112-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  44. Nzegwu Matin A, Aligbe JU, Banjo AAF, Akhiwu W, Nzegwu CO. Patterns of morbidity and mortality amongst motorcycle riders and their passengers in Benin-City Nigeria: One-year review. Ann Afr Med. 2008; 7(2):82-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. Solagberu BA, Ofoegbu CKP, Nasir AA, Ogundipe OK, Adekanye AO, Abdur-Rahman LO. Motorcycle injuries in a developing country and the vulnerability of riders, passengers, and pedestrians. Inj Prev. 2006; 12(4):266-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  46. Kawu Ahidjo. Thoracic spine fractures following motorcycle accidents in Nigeria. WebmedCentral ORTHOPAEDICS. 2010; 1:WMC00872. Google Scholar