References

  1. Khan N, Siddiqui MU, Padhiar AA, Hashmi SAH, Fatima S, Muzaffar S. Prevalence, knowledge, attitude and practice of shisha smoking among medical and dental students of Karachi, Pakistan. J Dow Univ Health Sci. 2008;2(1):3-10. Google Scholar

  2. World Health Organization. Tobacco fact sheet No: 339. World Health Organization Geneva. 2013.

  3. Prignot JJ, Sasco AJ, Poulet E, Gupta PC, Aditama TY. Alternative forms of tobacco use. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008; 12(7):pp718-727. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Maziak W, Ward KD, Soweid RAA, Eissenberg T. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control. 2004; 13(4):327-333. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. World Health Organization. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: 10 years of implementation in the African region. World Health Organization, Geneva.2015. Google Scholar

  6. World Health Organization. Tobacco: deadly in any form or disguise: WORLD NO TOBACCO DAY. Health Organization, Geneva. 2006.

  7. Chattopadhyay A. Emperor Akbar as a healer and his eminent physicians. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad. 2000; 30(2):151-57. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Koul PA, Hajni MR, Sheikh MA, Khan UH, Shah A, Khan Y et al. Hookah smoking and lung cancer in the Kashmir valley of the Indian subcontinent. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011; 12(2):519-524. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Neergaard J, Singh P, Job J, Montgomery S. Waterpipe smoking and nicotine exposure: a review of the current evidence. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(10):987-994. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Trend AE. Tobacco Trend Alert. 2007.

  11. Haroon M, Munir A, Mahmud W, Hyder O. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of water-pipe smoking among medical students in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014; 64(2):155-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Jaffri SB, Aisha Y, Qidwai W. Water pipe smoking amongst the University and College Students of Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Chest Med. 2012; 18(2):13-19. Google Scholar

  13. Jensen PD, Cortes R, Engholm G, Kremers S, Gislum M. Waterpipe use predicts progression to regular cigarette smoking among Danish youth. Subst Use Misuse. 2010; 45(7-8):1245-61. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Chandir S, Hussain H, Salahuddin N, Amir M, Ali F, Lotia I et al. Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: a retrospective review of 194 cases at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Pak J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(2):105-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Dar-Odeh NS, Bakri FG, Al-Omiri MK, Al-Mashni HM, Eimar HA, Khraisat AS et al. Narghile (water pipe) smoking among university students in Jordan: prevalence, pattern and beliefs. Harm Reduct J. 2010; 7(1):10. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Smith-Simone S, Maziak W, Ward KD, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two US samples. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008; 10(2):393-398. Google Scholar

  17. Ahmed B, Jacob Iii P, Allen F, Benowitz N. Attitudes and practices of hookah smokers in the San Francisco Bay Area. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2011; 43(2):146-152. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Rami K, Makvana BJ, Thakor NC. Knowledge, attitude and practices of hookah smoking among medical students in Gujarat, India: a cross sectional study. Int J Adv Med. 2017; 2(4):397-400. Google Scholar

  19. Martinasek MP, McDermott RJ, Martini L. Waterpipe (hookah) tobacco smoking among youth. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011; 41(2):34-57. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Al-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV. Shisha smoking and associated factors among medical students in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012; 13(11):5627-5632. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Poyrazoğlu S, ŞarliŞ, Gencer Z, Günay O. Waterpipe (narghile) smoking among medical and non-medical university students in Turkey. Ups J Med Sci. 2010; 115(3):210-216. Google Scholar

  22. Al-Lawati JA, Muula AS, Hilmi SA, Rudatsikira E. Prevalence and determinants of waterpipe tobacco use among adolescents in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2008; 8(1):37. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Statistics UB of. The National Population and Housing Census 2014: main report. Kampala, Uganda.2016.

  24. Jawaid A, Zafar AM, Rehman TU, Nazir MR, Ghafoor ZA, Afzal O et al. Knowledge,Attitudes and practice of university students regarding shisha smoking in Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(9):1077-84. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Van der Merwe N, Banoobhai T, Gqweta A, Gwala A, Masiea T, Misra M et al. Hookah pipe smoking among health sciences students. SAMJ South Afr Med J. 2013; 103(11):847-849. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Daniels KE, Roman NV. A descriptive study of the perceptions and behaviors of waterpipe use by university students in the Western Cape, South Africa. Tob Induc Dis. 2013; 11(1):4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Anjum Q, Ahmed F, Ashfaq T. Knowledge, attitude and perception of water pipe smoking (Shisha) among adolescents aged 14-19 years. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc. 2008; 58(6):312. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Munckhof WJ, Konstantinos A, Wamsley M, Mortlock M, Gilpin C. A cluster of tuberculosis associated with use of a marijuana water pipe. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003; 7(9):860-865. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Syed N, Rani K, Memon MQ. Shisha-Smoking; popularity and familiarity among University Students of Jamshoro and Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Prof Med J. 2015; 22(2):200-203. Google Scholar

  30. Primack BA, Sidani J, Agarwal AA, Shadel WG, Donny EC, Eissenberg TE. Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among US university students. Ann Behav Med. 2008; 36(1):81-86. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Azab M, Khabour OF, Alkaraki AK, Eissenberg T, Alzoubi KH, Primack BA. Water pipe tobacco smoking among university students in Jordan. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010; 12(6):606-612. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Jackson D, Aveyard P. Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake: evidence from one British university. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8(1):174. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Barnett TE, Shensa A, Kim KH, Cook RL, Nuzzo E, Primack BA. The predictive utility of attitudes toward hookah tobacco smoking. Am J Health Behav. 2013; 37(4):433-439. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Mamudu HM, John RM, Veeranki SP, Ouma AEO. The odd man out in Sub-Saharan Africa: understanding the tobacco use prevalence in Madagascar. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13(1):856. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Le Thi Thanh Xuan HV, Minh KBG, Pham Thi Quynh Nga PT, Hai NTM. Peer reviewed: prevalence of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Among Population Aged 15 Years or Older, Vietnam, 2010. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10. PubMed | Google Scholar