References

  1. Smith RA, M'ikanatha NM, Read AF. Antibiotic Resistance: a primer and call to action. Health Commun. 2015 Mar; 30(3): 309-314. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Tula M, Iyoha O, Iruolaje F. Antibiotic resistance: challenges and prospect for therapy in developing countries. Br J Pharm Res. 2015;8(3):1-16. Google Scholar

  3. Ilić K, Jakovljević E, škodrić-Trifunović V. Social-economic factors and irrational antibiotic use as reasons for antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing common childhood infections in primary healthcare. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 May;171(5):767-77. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. World Health Organization. Universidad de navarra facultad de medicina. Director. 1995-2005.

  5. Hellen Gelbandm, Molly Miller-Petrie, Suraj Pant, Sumanth Gandra, Jordan Levinson, Devra Barter, Andrea White, Ramanan Laxminarayan. The state of the world's antibiotics 2015. Wound Healing Southern Africa. Jan 2015; Volume 8(Issue 2):30-34. Google Scholar

  6. Van Boeckel TP, Gandra S, Ashok A, Caudron Q, Grenfell BT, Levin SA et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):742-50. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309-18. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Borg MA, Scicluna EA. Over-the-counter acquisition of antibiotics in the Maltese general population. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2002;20(4):253-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Berzanskyte A, Valinteliene R, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Gurevicius R, Grigoryan L. Self-Medication With Antibiotics in Lithuania. Int J Occup Med Environ Heal. 2006;19(4):246-53. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Grigoryan L, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Burgerhof JGM, Mechtler R, Deschepper R, Tambic-Andrasevic A et al. Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(3):452-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Väänänen MH, Pietilä K, Airaksinen M. Self-medication with antibiotics-does it really happen in Europe? Health Policy (New York). 2006;77(2):166-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, Perencevich EN, Weisenberg S. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(9):692-701. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Muscat M, Monnet DL, Klemmensen T, Grigoryan L, Jensen MH, Andersen M et al. Patterns of antibiotic use in the community in Denmark. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(8):597-603. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Akinyandenu O, Akinyandenu A. Irrational use and non-prescription sale of antibiotics in Nigeria: a need for change. J Sci Innov Res JSIR. 2014;3(32):251-7. Google Scholar

  15. Simba D, Kakoko D, Semali I, Kessy A, Embrey M. Household knowledge of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the wake of an Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlet (ADDOs) program rollout in Tanzania. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):1-13. Google Scholar

  16. Erku DA, Mekuria AB, Surur AS, Gebresillassie BM. Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a simulated-patient study. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2016;8:65-70. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Kalungia AC, Burger J, Godman B, Costa J de O, Simuwelu C. Non-prescription sale and dispensing of antibiotics in community pharmacies in Zambia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;7210(August):0-20. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Ahmed M, Moremi N, Mirambo MM, Hokororo A, Mushi MF, Seni J et al. Multi-resistant gram negative enteric bacteria causing urinary tract infection among malnourished underfives admitted at a tertiary hospital, northwestern, Tanzania. Ital J Pediatr. 2015;41(1):44. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Christopher A, Mshana SE, Kidenya BR, Hokororo A, Morona D. Bacteremia and resistant gram-negative pathogens among under-fives in Tanzania. Ital J Pediatr. 2013;39:27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Mshana SE, Matee M, Rweyemamu M. Antimicrobial resistance in human and animal pathogens in Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique and Tanzania: an urgent need of a sustainable surveillance system. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013;12(1):1. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Minzi OM, Manyilizu VS. Application of basic pharmacology and dispensing practice of antibiotics in accredited drug-dispensing outlets in tanzania. Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2013;5(1):5-11. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Chalker JC, Vialle-Valentin C, Liana J, Mbwasi R, Semali IA, Kihiyo B et al. What roles do accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania play in facilitating access to antimicrobials? Results of a multi-method analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:33. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Center for Desease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. Current. 2013.

  24. Viberg N, Kalala W, Mujinja P, Tomson G, Lundborg CS. "Practical knowledge" and perceptions of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among drugsellers in Tanzanian private drugstores. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:270. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Shet A, Sundaresan S, Forsberg BC. Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4(1):55-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Mao W, Vu H, Xie Z, Chen W, Tang S. Systematic review on irrational use of medicines in China and Vietnam. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):1-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Nga DTT, Chuc NTK, Hoa NP, Hoa NQ, Nguyen NTT, Loan HT et al. Antibiotic sales in rural and urban pharmacies in northern Vietnam: an observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;15(1):6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Gebeyehu E, Bantie L, Azage M. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and its associated factors among urban and rural communities of Bahir Dar city administration, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 17;10(9):e0138179. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Malhan S, Numanoglu Tekin R, Oksuz E. Irrational use of antibiotics in Turkey. Value Heal. 2016;19(7):A405. Google Scholar