References

  1. Pallavali RR, Degati VL, Lomada D, Reddy MC, Durbaka VR. Isolation and in vitro evaluation of bacteriophages against MDR-bacterial isolates from septic wound infections. PloS One. 2017; 12: e0179245. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18(3): 268-81. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Zowawi HM, Forde BM, Alfaresi M, Alzarouni A, Farahat Y, Chong TM et al. Stepwise evolution of pandrug-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 15082. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Potter RF, D'Souza AW, Dantas G. The rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Drug Resistant Update. 2016; 29: 30-46. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Microbiology Spectrums. 2016; 4(2): VMBF-0016-2015. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Kudo M, Nomura T, Yomoda S, Tanimoto K, Tomita H. Nosocomial infection caused by vancomycin-'susceptible multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis over a long period in a university hospital in Japan. Microbiol Immunol. 2014; 58(11): 607-14. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Khokhlova OE, Hung WC, Wan TW, Iwao Y, Takano T, Higuchi W et al. Healthcare-and community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fatal pneumonia with pediatric deaths in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia: unique MRSA's multiple virulence factors, genome, and stepwise evolution. PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0128017. Google Scholar

  8. Argudín MA, Deplano A, Meghraoui A, Dodémont M, Heinrichs A, Denis O et al. Bacteria from Animals as a Pool of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics. 2017 Jun 6; 6(2):E12. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Hammerum AM. Enterococci of animal origin and their significance for public health. Clini Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18(7): 619-25. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Martins E, Novais C, Freitas AR, Dias AR, Ribeiro TG, Antunes P et al. Filling the map for antimicrobial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus from non-clinical sources in Angola. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015; 70(10): 2914-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Hatosy SM, Martiny AC. The ocean as a global reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015; 81(21): 7593-99. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries part II. Cambridge University Press. 2000. Google Scholar

  13. Cowan ST, Steel KJ. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria, 4th edition. London: Cambridge University Press. 1985. Google Scholar

  14. Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966; 45(4): 493-96. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility tests; Approved standard. 7th ed. M2-A7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA; 2000. Google Scholar

  16. Cookey TI, Otokunefor K. Poultry environment as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria: a Nigerian story. Br Microbiol Res J. 2016; 17(1): 1-11. Google Scholar

  17. Liu XJ, Lyu Y, Li Y, Xue F, Liu J. Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance against Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated from Blood: A 10-year Epidemiological Study in Mainland China (2004-2014). Chinese Med J. 2017; 130(17): 2050. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Delgado-Valverde M, Sojo-Dorado J, Pascual Á, Rodríguez-Bańo J. Clinical management of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2013; 1(2): 49-69. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Tadesse BT, Ashley EA, Ongarello S, Havumaki J, Wijegoonewardena M, González IJ et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17(1): 616. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Gad GF, Mohamed HA, Ashour HM. Aminoglycoside resistance rates, phenotypes, and mechanisms of Gram-negative bacteria from infected patients in Upper Egypt. PLoS One. 2011; 6(2): e17224. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Pribul BR, Festivo ML, Rodrigues MS, Costa RG, Rodrigues EC, de Souza MM et al. Characteristics of Quinolone Resistance in Salmonella spp: Isolates from the Food Chain in Brazil. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 299. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Prabhurajeshwar C, Desai P. Molecular Evaluation of High Fluoroquinolone Resistant Genes in Endemic Cases of Shigellosis, Northeast Part of Karnataka, India. Ann Glob Health. 2016; 82(5): 832-39. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Ekwealor PA, Ugwu MC, Ezeobi I, Amalukwe G, Ugwu BC, Okezie U et al. Antimicrobial Evaluation of Bacterial Isolates from Urine Specimen of Patients with Complaints of Urinary Tract Infections in Awka, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol. 2016; 2016: 6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Van PH, Binh PT, Minh NH, Morrissey I, Torumkuney D. Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2009-11 in Vietnam. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71(suppl1): i93-102. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Jiang H, Su M, Kui L, Huang H, Qiu L, Li L et al. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens in children with acute bacterial meningitis in Yunnan province, China, 2012-2015. PloS one. 2017; 12(6): e0180161. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Aldred KJ, Kerns RJ, Osheroff N. Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance. Biochem. 2014; 53(10): 1565-74. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Crumplin GC, Odell M. Development of resistance to ofloxacin. Drugs. 1987; 34(suppl1):1-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Monira S, Shabnam SA, Ali SI, Sadique A, Johura FT, Rahman KZ et al. Multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria in the gut of young children in Bangladesh. Gut Pathog. 2017; 9:19. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Okonko IO, Soleye FA, Amusan TA, Ogun AA, Ogunnusi TA, Ejembi J et al. Incidence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) organisms in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Glob J Pharmacol. 2009; 3(2): 69-80. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Motayo BO, Ogiogwa JI, Aboderin BW, Okerentugba PO, Innocent-Adiele HC et al. Bacteriological review of multi-drug resistance (MDR) pathogens involved in respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Researcher. 2012; 4(5): 49-55. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Khawaja T, Kirveskari J, Johansson S, Väisänen J, Djupsjöbacka A, Nevalainen A et al. Patients hospitalized abroad as importers of multiresistant bacteria-a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Sep; 23(9):673e1-673e8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Moolchandani K, Sastry AS, Deepashree R, Sistla S, Harish BN, Mandal J. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance among Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India. J Clin Diag Res. 2017 Feb; 11(2):DC01-DC07. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Adenipekun EO, Jackson CR, Ramadan H, Iwalokun BA, Oyedeji KS, Frye JG et al. Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli from community-acquired infections in Lagos, Nigeria. JIDC. 2016 Sep 30; 10(9):920-931. PubMed | Google Scholar