References

  1. WHO. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. 2014. Accessed on 11 November 2016.

  2. WHO. Global status report on violence prevention. 2014. Accessed on 11 November 2016.

  3. Garcia-Moreno CJ, Ellsberg L. Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence. Lancet.2006 Oct; 368 (9543):1260-1269. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Shamu S, Naeemah A. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. PLos ONE. 2011 March; 6(3):e17591. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Accessed on 11 November 2016.

  6. Drivers K, Johnson H. Intimate Partner Violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries. Reproductive Health Matters. 2010 Nov; 18(36):158-170. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Gazmararian JA, Petersen R, Spitz AM. Violence and Reproductive Health: current knowledge and future research direction. Maternal Child Health J. 2000 Jun; 4(2):79-84. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Okenwa L, Jonsson B, Lawoko S. Contraceptive, reproductive health and pregnancy outcome among women exposed to Intimate partner violence in Nigeria. Europian Journal of contraception and Reproductive Health Care.2011 Feb; 16(1):18-25. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Rico E, & Abramsky C. Association between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from demographic and health survey in Egypt Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. April 2011; 65(4):360-367. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Shamu SA, & Zarowsky C. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional study of prevalence, predictors and associations with HIV. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2013 Jun; 18(6):696-711. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Makayoto AL, Omollo J, Kamweya AM. Prevalence and associated factors of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending Kisumu District Hospital, Kenya. Maternal Child Health.2013 April; 17(3):441-447. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Uthman OL, Lawoko S, Moradi T. Sex disparities in attitudes towards Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a socio-ecological analysis. BMC Public Health. 2010 April ;( 10):223. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Fawole AO, Hunyimbo KI, & Fawole F. Prevalence of violence against pregnant women in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Aug; 48(4):405-414. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Kaye DK, Mirembe FM, Bantebya G. Domestic Violence during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight and maternal complications: a prospective cohort study at Malaga Hospital, Uganda. Tropical Medicine &international health. 2006 Oct; 11(10):1576-84. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Hogue M, Kader S. Prevalence and experience of domestic violence research. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection. 2009; 24 (4):34-37. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Umeora OU, Dimejesi BI, Ejikeme BN. Pattern and determinants of domestic violence among prenatal clinic attendees in a referral Centre, South east Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics&Gynaecology. 2008 Nov; 28(8):769-774. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Jesinki J. Pregnancy and Violence against Women: An Analysis of Longitudinal Data. Journal Interpersonal Violence. 2001 July; 16(7):712-733. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Jeremiah I, Oriji V, Kalio GB. Domestic Violence in Pregnancy among antenatal attendees at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Niger J Med. 2011 Jul-Sep; 20(3):355-359. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Cokkinides V, Sanderson M, Addy C. Physical violence during pregnancy: Maternal complications and birth outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1999 May; 93(5): 661-666. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Saltzman LE, Johnson CH, Gilbert BC et al. Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: an examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2003 March; 7(1): 31-43. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Bohn DK, Tebeen JG, Campbell JC. Influence of income, education, age and ethnicity on physical abuse before and during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nursing. 2004 Sep-Oct; 33(5):561-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Bacchus L, Mezy G, Bewley S. A qualitative exploration of nature of domestic violence in pregnancy. Violence against women. 2006 Jun; 12(6):588-604. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Weiser S, Karen L, Heisler M et al. A population Based study on alcohol and high risk sexual behaviors in Botswana. PLoS Med. 2006 Oct; 3(10): e392. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Nasir K, Hyder AA. Violence against pregnant women in developing countries: Review of evidence. European Journal of Public Health. 2003 June; 13(2):105-107. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Dunn, L. Prenatal predictors of intimate partner abuse. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing. 2004 Jan; 33(1):54-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Kerstin E E, Hogberg U. Violence against pregnant women will remain hidden as long as no direct questions are asked. Midwifery. 2002 Dec; 18(4):268-78. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Edin K. Perspective on intimate partner violence, focusing on the period of pregnancy. 2003. Accessed on 11 November 2016.

  28. Hatcher AM, Odera M, Romito P et al. Social context and drivers of intimate partner violence in rural Kenya: Implication for the health of pregnant women. Cult Health Sex. 2013; 15(4):404-419. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Joyner K, Bob M. A comprehensive model for intimate partner violence in South Africa primary care: action research. BMC Health Service Research. 2012 Nov; 12 (1):1. PubMed | Google Scholar