References

  1. Thomas J, Ojemakinde O, Izebraye I. Current concepts in cervical carcinogenesis and new perspectives in prevention. Arch Ibadan Med. 2002; 3(1): 36-9. Google Scholar

  2. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN. Int J Cancer. 2010; 127(12): 2893-917. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Cervical Cancer.Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. The GLOBOCAN 2012 database. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Accessed February 15, 2014.

  4. Globocan. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 10. International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]. 2008. Google Scholar.

  5. World Health Organization. Comprehensive cancer control: a guide to essential practice. Geneva; WHO. 2006. Google Scholar

  6. Guidelines for cervical cancer screening programme. Government of India-World Health Organization Collaborative Programme (2004-2005). Chandigarh, India: postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research. 2006. Google Scholar

  7. Munoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, Herrero R, Castellsague X, Shah VK et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348(6): 518-27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Anorlu RI. What is the significance of the HPV epidemic. Can J Urol. 2008; 15(1): 3860-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV et al. "Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide". J Pathol. 1999; 189(1): 12-19. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Hendricks KA. Re: "Genital human papillomavirus infection: incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students". Am J Epidemiol. 2003; 158(9): 927. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Gichangi P, Estambale B, Bwayo J, Rogo K, Ojwang S, Opiyo A et al. Knowledge and practice about cervical cancer and Pap smear testing among patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003; 13(6): 827-833. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Kivistic A, Lang K, Baili P, Anttila A, Veerus P. Women's knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, screening, and reasons for non-participation in cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia. BMC Women's Health. 2011; 11: 43. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Brown DR, Wilson RM, Boothe MA, Harris CE. Cervical cancer screening among ethnically diverse black women: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices. J Nat Med Assoc. 2011; 103(8): 719-728. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Qiao YL, Sellors JW, Eder PS, Bao YP, Lim JM, Zhao FH et al. A new HPV-DNA test for cervical-cancer screening in developing regions: a cross-sectional study of clinical accuracy in rural China. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9(10): 929-936. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Lenselink CH, Schmeink CE, Melchers WJ, Massuger LF, Hendriks JC, van Hamont D et al. Young adults and Acceptance of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. J Pub Health. 2008; 122(12): 1295-1301. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Mushin, Nigeria. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed 21 April 2014.

  17. Adeoye BE. Growth and Development of Mushin Local Government Area Lagos State (1976-2003). May 2011. Accessed 21 April 2014. Google Scholar

  18. Rouser B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics. International Students Edition: Boston: PWS-Kent. 1990; 3: 348-52. Google Scholar

  19. Bakheit NM, Bu Haroon AI. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pap smear among local school teachers in the Sharjah District. Mid East J Fam Med. 2004; 4(4): 43-54. Google Scholar

  20. Nwankwo KC, Aniebue U, Aguwa EN, Anarado AN, Agunwah E. Knowledge attitudes and practices of cervical cancer screening among urban and rural Nigerian women: a call for education and mass screening. Eur J Cancer Care. 2011; 20(3): 362-367. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Ugwu EO, Obi SN, Ezechukwu PC, Okafor II, Ugwu AO. Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccine and cervical cancer screening among female health-care workers in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. Nig J Clin Pract. 2013; 16(2): 249-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Shields TS, Brinton LA, Burk RD, Wang SS, Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG et al. A case-control study of risk factors for invasive cervical cancer among US women exposed to oncogenic types of human papillomavirus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004; 13(10): 1574-1582. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Juneja A, Sehgal A, Mitra AB, Pandey A. A survey on risk factors associated with cervical cancer. Indian J Cancer. 2003; 40(1): 15-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Reis N, Beji NK, Kilic D. Risk factors for cervical cancer: results from a hospital-based case-control study. International Journal of Hematology and Oncology. 2011; 21(3): 153-59. Google Scholar

  25. Walsh CD, Gera A, Shah M, Sharma A, Powell JE, Wilson S. Public knowledge and attitudes towards Human Papilloma Virus(HPV) vaccination. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8: 368. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Al Sairafi M, Mohamed FA. Knowledge, attitudes and practice related to cervical cancer screening among Kuwaiti women. Med Princ Pract. 2009; 18(1): 35-42. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Tan YY, Hesham R, Qodriyah HMS. Knowledge and Attitude of University Students in Health Sciences on the Prevention of Cervical Cancer. Med J Malaysia. 2010; 65(1): 72-78. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Becker-Dreps S, Otieno WA, Brewer NT, Agot K, Smith JS. HPV vaccine acceptability among Kenyan women. Vaccine. 2010; 28(31): 4864-4867. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Coleman MA, Levison J, Sangi-Haghpeykar H. HPV vaccine acceptability in Ghana, West Africa. Vaccine. 2011; 29(23): 3945-3950. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Remes P, Selestine V, Changalucha J, Ross DA, Wight D, de Sanjose S. A qualitative study of HPV vaccine acceptability among health workers, teachers, parents, female pupils and religious leaders in northwest Tanzania. Vaccine. 2012; 30(36): 5363-5367. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Woo YL, Omar SZ. Human papillomavirus vaccination in the resourced and resource-constrained world. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 25(5): 597-603. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Wigle J, Coast E, Watson-Jones D. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine implementation in low and middle-income countries (LMICs): health system experiences and prospects. Vaccine. 2013; 31(37): 3811-3817. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cervix Uteri In: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. New York, NY: Springer. 2010; 7: 395-402. Google Scholar

  34. Eifel PJ, Berek JS, Markman MA. Cancer of the cervix, vagina and vulva In: deVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA: cancer: principles and practice of Oncology. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011; 9: 1311-44. In press.

  35. Jhingran A, Eifel PJ, Wharton JT et al. Neoplasms of the cervix In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E. Cancer Med Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker. 2003; 1779-1808. In press.

  36. Jhingran A, Russel AH, Seiden MV et al. Cancers of the cervix, vagina and vulva In: abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS et al. ClinOnc Philadelphia, Pa; Elsevier. 2008; 4: 1745-1765. In press.

  37. Lacey JV Jr, Swanson CA, Brinton LA, Altekruse SF, Barnes WA, Gravitt PE et al. Obesity as a potential risk factor for adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix. Cancer. 2003; 98(4): 814-821. PubMed | Google Scholar