References

  1. World Health Organization. Global status reports on non-communicable diseases 2014. Geneva: WHO. 2014. Google Scholar

  2. World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates: deaths by Cause, Age, Sex and Country, 2000-201 Geneva: WHO; 2014. Google Scholar

  3. World Health Organization. Projections of mortality and causes of death, 2015 and 2030. Accessed on 9 September 2015.

  4. World Health Organization. Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Accessed on 9 September 2015.

  5. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Rapport sur la situation mondiale des maladies non transmissibles. Genève: OMS; 2014. Disponible sur. Consulté le 24 octobre 2015.

  6. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380(9859): 2224-2260. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2000 (WHO Technical Report Series, N° 894. Accessed on 5 November 2015.

  8. Longo-Mbenza B. Enquête sur les facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles à Kinshasa, Capitale de la RD Congo, Selon l'approche STEPS de l'OMS, Rapport d'Analyse. Kinshasa: Ministère de la Santé RDC. 2006. Google Scholar

  9. Francesca V. Baseline Health Survey for Tenke Fungurume Mining, Democratic Republic of Congo. Johannesburg: International SOS. 2008. Google Scholar

  10. Boutayeb A, Boutayeb S. The burden of non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Int J Equity Health. 2005; 4(1): 2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Amuna P, Zotor FB. Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: impact on human health and development. Proc Nutr Soc. 2008; 67(1): 82-90. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013; 9(1): 13-27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutr Rev. 1997; 55(2): 31-43. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet. Geneva: WHO; 2016. Accessed on 5 January 2016).

  15. Drewnowski A. Nutrition transition and global dietary trends. Nutrition. 2000; 16(7-8): 486-487. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Caballero B. The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol Rev. 2007; 29: 1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Resnikoff S. Malnutrition and weight excess: a paradoxical condition in Mauritanian Adrar. Med Trop. 1980; 40(4): 419-423. Google Scholar

  18. Siervo M, Grey P, Nyan OA, Prentice AM. A pilot study on body image, attractiveness and body size in Gambians living in an urban community. Eat Weight Disord. 2006; 11(2): 100-109. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. World Health Organization. The WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of non-communicable diseases (STEPS). A framework for surveillance. Geneva: WHO; 2003. Google Scholar

  20. World Health Organization. STEPwise approach surveillance. Instrument v3.1_2014, Geneva: WHO; 2014. Google Scholar

  21. Cogill B. Anthropometric indicators measurement guide. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) Project. 2003. Google Scholar

  22. World Health Organization. Global database on body mass index: BMI classification. Accessed on 7 November 2015.

  23. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(8): 1381-95. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey health tech/blood pressure procedures manual. Washington: CDC; 2009. Accessed March 27, 2014.

  25. Baum CF, Cox NJ. Omninorm: Stata module to calculate omnibus test for univariate/multivariate normality. Boston College Department of Economics, Statistical Software Components S417501; 2007.

  26. OMS. Obésité et surpoids. Aide-mémoire N°311. Juin 2016. Consulté le 20 novembre 2015.

  27. Dupuy O, Bauduceau B. Obésité, syndrome métabolique et diabète. In : Gentillini M, Caumes E, Dansi M, Richard-Lenoble D, Bégué P, Touze JE, Kerouédan D. Médecine tropicale. 6ème édition. Paris: Lavoisier; 2012. Google Scholar

  28. Sellam El B, Bour A. Prévalence des facteurs de risque de maladies cardiovasculaires chez la femme à Oujda (Maroc). Médecine des maladies Métaboliques. 2016; 10(1): 63-69. Google Scholar

  29. Memish ZA, El Bcheraoui C,Tuffaha M, Robinson M, Daoud F, Jaber S et al. Obesity and Associated Factors - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014; 11: E174. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Rahim S, Baali A. Étude de l'obésité et quelques facteurs associes chez un groupe de femmes marocaines résidentes de la ville de Smara (sud du Maroc). Antropo. 2011; 24(1): 43-53. Google Scholar

  31. Rguibi M, Belahsen R. Metabolic syndrome among Moroccan Sahraoui adult women. Am J Hum Biol. 2004; 16(5): 598-601. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Nono C, Fokumlah P, Sab Fru C, Sobngwi E, Kengne E. Prévalence de l'obésité chez les femmes adultes en milieu urbain en Afrique sub-saharienne : le cas de Limbé au Cameroun. Diabetes & Metabolism. 2010; 36(suppl 1): A114. Google Scholar

  33. World Health Organization. Global status reports on non-communicable diseases. Geneva: WHO. 2014. Google Scholar

  34. Correia J, Pataky Z, Golay A. Comprendre l'obésité en Afrique: poids du développement et des représentations. Rev Med Suisse. 2014; 10(423): 712-6. Google Scholar

  35. Puoane T, Hughes G. Impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on non-communicable disease prevention. S Afr Med J. 2005; 95(4): 228-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Tzotzas T, Vlahavas G, Papadopoulou SK, Kapantais E, Kaklamanou D, Hassapidou M. Marital status and educational level associated to obesity in Greek adults: data from the National Epidemiological Survey. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 732. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Lipowicz A, Gronkiewicz S, Malina RM. Body mass index, overweight and obesity in married and never married men and women in Poland. American Journal of Human Biology. 2002; 14(4): 468-475. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Park B, Kim J. Oral Contraceptive Use, Micronutrient Deficiency, and Obesity among Premenopausal Females in Korea: the Necessity of Dietary Supplements and Food Intake Improvement. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(6): e0158177. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Dastgiri S, Mahdavi R, TuTunchi H, Faramarzi E. Prevalence of obesity, food choices and socio-economic status: a cross-sectional study in the north-west of Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2006; 9(8): 996-1000. PubMed | Google Scholar

  40. Martorell R, Khan LK, Hughes ML, Grummer-Strawn LM. Obesity in women from developing countries. European J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54(3): 247-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  41. Sarma H, Saquib N, Hasan MM, Saquib J, Rahman AS, Khan JR et al. Determinants of overweight or obesity among ever-married adult women in Bangladesh. BMC obesity. 2016; 3: 13. PubMed | Google Scholar

  42. Njelekela M, Kuga S, Nara Y, Ntogwisangu J, Masesa Y, Mashalla Y, et al. Prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in middle-aged men and women in Tanzania, Africa: relationship with resting energy expenditure and dietary factors. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2002; 48(5): 352-358. PubMed | Google Scholar

  43. Ziraba AK, Fotso JC, Ochako R. Overweight and obesity in urban Africa: a problem of the rich or the poor. BMC Public Health. 2009; 9: 465. PubMed | Google Scholar

  44. Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Meehan TE. Use and misuse of oral contraceptives: risk indicators for poor pill taking and discontinuation. Contraception. 1995; 51(5): 283-288. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. Gupta S. Obesity and contraception. Future Lipidology. 2008; 3(1): 75-81. Google Scholar

  46. Fève B, Bastard JP, Vidal H. Les relations entre obésité, inflammation et insulinorésistance: acquisitions récentes. Comptes rendus biologies. 2006; 329(8): 587-597. Google Scholar

  47. Wang Y, Beydoun M. Meat consumption is associated with obesity and central obesity among US adults. Int J Obes. 2009; 33(6): 621-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  48. Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Régime alimentaire, nutrition et prévention des maladies chroniques. Rapport d'une consultation OMS/FAO d'experts. Rapports techniques, N° 916. Genève: OMS; 2003. Google Scholar

  49. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Fruits et légumes pour la santé. Rapport de l'atelier commun FAO/OMS. Genève: OMS. 2014. Google Scholar