References

  1. UNAIDS. 2014 Fact Sheet: UNAIDS. 2014; (cited 2015 May 11).
  2. Mgori N, Mash R. HIV and/or AIDS-related deaths and modifiable risk factors: A descriptive study of medical admissions at Oshakati Intermediate Hospital in Northern Namibia. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2015;7(1):1-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Agaba PA, Digin E, Makai R, Apena L, Agbaji OO, Idoko JA et al. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in hospitalized HIV-infected Nigerians. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011; 5(5): 377-82. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Sobhani R, Basavaraj A, Gupta A, Bhave AS, Kadam DB, Sangle SA et al. Mortality & clinical characteristics of hospitalized adult patients with HIV in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res. 2007 Aug; 126(2): 116-21. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Mzileni MO, Longo-Mbenza B, Chephe TJ. Mortality and causes of death in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Tshepang Clinic in Doctor George Mukhari Hospital. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2008; 118(10): 548-54. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Palella Jr FJ, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Chmiel JS, Wood KC, Brooks JT et al. Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 43(1): 27-34. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Krentz H, Kliewer G, Gill M. Changing mortality rates and causes of death for HIV-infected individuals living in Southern Alberta, Canada from 1984 to 2003. HIV Med. 2005; 6(2): 99-106. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Lewden C, Salmon D, Morlat P, Bévilacqua S, Jougla E, Bonnet F et al. Causes of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: emerging role of hepatitis and cancers, persistent role of AIDS. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34(1): 121-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Mocroft A, Brettle R, Kirk O, Blaxhult A, Parkin J, Antunes F et al. Changes in the cause of death among HIV positive subjects across Europe: results from the EuroSIDA study. Aids. 2002; 16(12): 1663-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Ghana AIDS Commision. Country AIDS Response Progress Report - Ghana. 2014; (cited 2015 May 11).
  11. UNAIDS. HIV and AIDS estimates. 2012 (cited 2015 May 13).
  12. Korle Bu, Teaching Hospital. About Us: Brief History. 2015; (cited 2015 May 13).
  13. AIDS Education and Training Centers. HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems. 2014; (cited 2015 May 13).
  14. Redig AJ, Berliner N. Pathogenesis and clinical implications of HIV-related anemia in 2013. Hematol. 2013; 2013(1): 377-81. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Alem M, Enawgaw B, Gelaw A, Kenaw T, Seid M, Olkeba Y. Prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Azezo Health Center Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. J Interdiscipl Histopathol. 2013;1(3):137-44. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Kreuzer K-A, Rockstroh J. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of anemia in HIV infection. Ann Hematol. 1997; 75(5-6): 179-87. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Gedefaw L, Yemane T, Sahlemariam Z, Yilma D. Anemia and risk factors in HAART naive and HAART experienced HIV positive persons in south west Ethiopia: a comparative study. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Kerkhoff AD, Wood R, Cobelens FG, Gupta-Wright A, Bekker L-G, Lawn SD. Resolution of anaemia in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with a high prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis receiving antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. BMC Inect Dis. 2014;14(1):3860. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Lartey M, Asante-Quashie A, Essel A, Kenu E, Ganu V, Neequaye A. Causes of Death in Hospitalized HIV Patients in the Early Anti-Retroviral Therapy Era. Ghana Medical J. 2015;49(1):7-11. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Pai NP, Pai M. Point-of-care diagnostics for HIV and tuberculosis: landscape, pipeline, and unmet needs. Discov Med. 2012; 13(68): 35-45. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. World Health Organization. WHO welcomes new evidence on the use of antiretrovirals for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. 2015; (cited 2015 May 13).
  22. National HIV/AIDS/ STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health / Ghana Health Service. Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy in Ghana. 2010; (cited 2015 May 13).
  23. Suthar AB, Lawn SD, del Amo J, Getahun H, Dye C, Soulier D et al. Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of tuberculosis in adults with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012; 9(7): 1-15. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Khan FA, Minion J, Al-Motairi A, Benedetti A, Harries AD, Menzies D. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of active tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55(8): 1154-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. The INSIGHT START Study Group. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015; 2015(373): 795-807. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Danel C, Moh R, Gabillard D, Badje A, Le Carrou J, Ouassa T et al. A trial of early antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(9): 808-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Durovni B, Saraceni V, Moulton LH, Pacheco AG, Cavalcante SC, King BS et al. Effect of improved tuberculosis screening and isoniazid preventive therapy on incidence of tuberculosis and death in patients with HIV in clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a stepped wedge, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13(10): 852-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Crum NF, Riffenburgh RH, Wegner S, Agan BK, Tasker SA, Spooner KM et al. Comparisons of causes of death and mortality rates among HIV-infected persons: analysis of the pre-, early, and late HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) eras. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006; 41(2): 194-200. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield T, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. Lancet. 1998; 352(9142): 1725-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, Modur SP, Althoff KN, Buchacz K et al. increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada.Closing the gap. 2013 Dec 18; 8(12): e81355. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Braitstein P, Brinkhof M, Dabis F, Schechter M, Boulle A, Miotti P et al. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and high-income countries. Lancet. 2006; 367(9513): 817-24. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Fairall LR, Bachmann MO, Louwagie GM, van Vuuren C, Chikobvu P, Steyn D et al. Effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in a South African program: a cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168(1): 86-93. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(6): 493-505. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Ulasi CI, Preko PO, Baidoo JA, Bayard B, Ehiri JE, Jolly CM et al. HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana. Health Place. 2009; 15(1): 255-62. PubMed | Google Scholar