References

  1. Anagnostis P, Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Clinical review: the pathogenetic role of cortisol in the metabolic syndrome: a hypothesis. The J of Clin Endocrinol and Metabo. 2009;94(8):2692-701. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Uzunlulu M, Yorulmaz E, Oguz A. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with metabolic syndrome. Endocrin J. 2007;54(1): 71-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA. Growth hormone and the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol. 1999;22(5):41-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Bertagna X, Cushing's syndrome, Pinchera A, eds. Endocrinol and metabolism. London: McGraw-Hill. 2001;6(1):311-23. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Lacroix A. The adrenal cortex: basic concepts and diagnostic procedures, Pinchera A, eds; Endocrinology and metabolism. London: McGraw-Hill. 2001;6(1):285-97. Google Scholar

  6. Swenson L, Knodel DH. Adrenal function, Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2005;8(4): 412-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Kissebah A, Vydelingum N, Murray R, Evans D, Hartz A, Kalkhoff R et al. Relationship of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.1982;54(2):254-60. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Mårin P, Darin N, Amemiya T, Andersson B, Jern S, Björntorp P. Cortisol secretion in relation to body fat distribution in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism. 1992;41(8):882-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Andrew R, Gale CR, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Martyn CN. Glucocorticoid metabolism and the metabolic syndrome: associations in an elderly cohort. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2002;110(6):284-90. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Andrews RC, Herlihy O, Livingstone DEW, Andrew R, Walker BR. Abnormal cortisol metabolism and tissue sensitivity to cortisol in patients with glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(12):5587-93. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Casanueva FF. Physiology of growth hormone secretion and action. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1992;21(3):483-17. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Stewart PM, Toogood AA, Tomlinson JW. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. Horm Res. 2001;56(9):1-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Udenze IC, Nnaji I, Oshodi TA. Thyroid function in adult Nigerians with metabolic syndrome. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;18:352. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Executive Summary of the Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-97. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Adegoke OA, Adedoyin RA, Balogun MO, Adebayo RA, Bisiriyu LA, Salawu AA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural community in Nigeria. Metab Synd and Metab. 2010;8(1):59-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Udenze IC, Azinge EC, Arikawe AP Egbuagha EU, Onyenekwu C, Ayodele O, Adizua UC. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in persons with type 2 diabetes at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria. WAJM. 2013;32(2):46-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation. 2004;110(10):1245-50. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Udenze IC, Azinge EC, Ebuehi OAT, Awolola NA, Adekola OO, Menkiti I et al. The relationship between microalbuminuria, cardiovascular risk factors and disease management in type 2 diabetes. Nig Q J Hosp Med. 2012;22(1):34-38. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Dandona P, Rosenberg MT. A practical guide to male hypogonadism in the primary care setting. Int J Clin Pract.2010; 64(6): 682-96. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Schwartz SL, Rendell M, Ahmann AJ, Thomas A, Arauz-Pacheco CJ, Welles BR. Safety profile and metabolic effects of 14 days of treatment with DIO-902: results of a phase IIa multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther. 2008;30(6):1081-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. World Health Organization (WHO) Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation. Circulation. 2011;12(3) 341-59. Google Scholar

  22. Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, Falkner BE, Graves J, Hill MN et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Circulation. 2005;111(5): 697-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Wild D eds. Immunoassay Handbook. London Stockton Press. 1996;56(8):339-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Ogbera OA, Kuku S, Dada O. The metabolic syndrome in thyroid disease: A report from Nigeria. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16(3): 417-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Iwen KA, Schröder E, Brabant G. Thyroid Hormones and the Metabolic Syndrome. Eur Thyroid J. 2013; 2(2): 83-92. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Biondi B. Thyroid and Obesity: An Intriguing Relationship. The Jour of Clin Endocrinol & Metabo. 2010;95(8):3614-17. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Zimmermann-Belsing T, Brabant G, Holst JJ, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Circulating leptin and thyroid dysfunction. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149(4):257-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. De Pergola G, Ciampolillo A, Paolotti S, Trerotoli P, Giorgino R. Free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone are directly associated with waist circumference, independently of insulin resistance, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in overweight and obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67(5):265-69. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Bakker SJ, ter Maaten JC, Popp-Snijders C, Slaets JP, Heine RJ, Gans RO. The relationship between thyrotropin and low density lipoprotein cholesterol is modified by insulin sensitivity in healthy euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(3):1206-11. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Bakker O, Hudig F, Meijssen S, Wiersinga WM. Effects of triiodothyronine and amiodarone on the promoter of the human LDL receptor gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;249(2):517-21. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Shin DJ, Osborne TF. Thyroid hormone regulation and cholesterol metabolism are connected through Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2). J Biol Chem. 2003;278(36):34114-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Prieur X, Huby T, Coste H, Schaap FG, Chapman MJ, Rodriguez JC. Thyroid hormone regulates the hypotriglyceridemic gene APOA5. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(12):1725-32. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Rensen PC, van Dijk KW, Havekes LM. Apolipoprotein AV: low concentration, high impact. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(12):2445-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Lagrost L. Regulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity: review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994;1215(56):209-36. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Guzzetti C, Pilia S, Ibba A, Loche S. Correlation between cortisol and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. J of Endocrinol Invest. 2014; 37(1):51-56. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Ward AMV, Fall CHD, Stein CE, Kumaran K, Veena SR, Wood PJ, et al. Cortisol and the metabolic syndrome in South Asians. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003; 58(4): 500-05. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Peeke PM, Chrousos GP. Hypercortisolism and obesity. Ann N Y Acad Sci.1995;771(2):665-76. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature. 2001;409(6818):307-12. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988; 37(12):1595-607. PubMed | Google Scholar

  40. Arner P. Regulation of lipolysis in fat cells. Diabetes Rev. 1996;4 (1):450-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  41. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Watts GP, Hesp R, Sonsken PH. Growth hormone treatment improves serum lipids and lipoproteins in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Metabolism. 1993;42(2):1519-23. PubMed | Google Scholar

  42. Al-Shoumer KAS, Cox KH, Hughes CL, Richmond W, Johnston D. Fasting and postprandial lipid abnormalities in hypopituitary women receiving conventional replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(8):2653-59. PubMed | Google Scholar