References
- Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. The Lancet. 2012; 279 (9832): 2151-2161. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Khagayi S, Burton DC, Onkoba R et al. High burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in young children in rural western Kenya, 2010-2011. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2014; 33(1S): S34-S40. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Feb; 12(2): 304-6. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Molbak K, Fischer T, Mikkelsen CS. The estimation of mortality due to rotavirus infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccine. 2000 Oct 15; 19(4-5): 393-5. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Aminu M, Page NA, Ahmad AA, Umoh JU, Dewar J, Steele AD. Diversity of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes in Northwestern Nigeria. J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 1; 202 Suppl: S198-204. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Trabelsi A, Peenze I, Pager C, Jeddi M, Steele D. Distribution of rotavirus VP7 genotypes and VP4 genotypes circulating in Sousse, Tunisia, from 1995 to 1999; emergence of natural human reassortants. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Sep; 38(9): 3415-9. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nyangao J, Page N, Esona M, Peenze I, Gatheru Z, Tukei
P, Steele AD. Characterization of human rotavirus strains from children
with diarrhea in Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya, between 2000 and 2002. J Infect
Dis. 2010 Sep 1; 202 Suppl: S187-92. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Cunliffe NA, Kilgore PE, Bresee JS, Steele AD, Luo N, Hart CA et al. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in Africa: a review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization. WHO Bull OMS. 1998; 76(5): 525-37. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Central Bureau of Statistics (Kenya). Ministry of Health (Kenya) and Macro International. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2003. Matern Child Health 2004; 9: 123-52. Google Scholar
- Gatheru Z, Kobayashi N, Adachi N, Chiba S, Muli J, Ogaja P et al. Characterisation of human rotavirus strains causing gastroenteritis in Kenya. Epidemiol Infect. 1993; 110: 419-23. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Tate JE, Rheingans RD, O’Reilly CE, Odonyo B, Burton DC, Tornheim JA et al. Rotavirus disease burden and impact and cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccination program in Kenya. J Infect Dis. 2009 Nov 1; 200 Suppl 1: S76-84. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kapikan AZ, Hishino Y, Chanock RM. Rotaviruses. In Knipe DM and Hudson MJ. Fields Virology 4th Edition. 2001; 1787- 1833. Google Scholar
- Estes MK, Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin
MAB. Roizman B and Straus SE (ed) Rotaviruses and their replication, Fields
virology, 4th ed, vol 2. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. 2001;
p 1747–1786. Google
Scholar
- Saif LJ, Jiang B. Non-group A rotaviruses of humans
and animals. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1994; 185: 339-71. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Saif LJ, Bohl EH, Theil KW, Cross RF, House JA. Rotavirus-like,
calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in
young pigs. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jul; 12(1): 105-11. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Kapikan AZ, Hishino Y, Chanock RM, Rotaviruses. In: Howley PM, editor. Fields Virology 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001; 1787-1833. Google Scholar
- Shariff M, Deb M, Singh R. A study of diarrhoea among children in Eastern Nepal with special reference to rotavirus. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2003 Apr-Jun; 21(2): 87-90. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Mwenda JM, Peenze I, Omollo E. Human group C Rotavirus identified in Kenya. East Afr Med J. 2003; 80(2): 73-76. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Estes MK, Kapikian AZ, Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B. Rotaviruses. In: Fields virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 5th ed: 2007; 1917–74. Google Scholar
- Cunliffe NA, Dove W, Bunn JEG, Ramadam MB, Nyangao JWO, Riveron RL, Cuevas LE, Hart A. Expanding global distribution of rotavirus genotype G9: Detection in Libya, Kenya and Cuba. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7(5): 890-892. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Matthijnssens J, Joelsson DB, Warakomski DJ, Zhou T, Mathis PK, Van Maanen MH, Ranheim TS, Ciarlet M. Molecular and biological characterization of the 5 human-bovine rotavirus (WC-3)-based reassortant strains of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, RotaTeq. Virology. 2010 Aug 1; 403(2): 111-27. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Ruiz-Palacios GM, Perez-Schael I, Velazquez FR, Abate H, Breuer T, Clemens SC, Cheuvart B et al. Safety and efficacy of an attenuated vaccine against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(1): 11-22. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nakata S, Gatheru Z, Ukae S, Adachi N, Kobayashi N, Honma S, Muli J, Ogaja P, Nyangao J, Kiplagat E, Tukei P, Chiba S. Epidemiological study of the G genotype distribution of group A rotaviruses in Kenya from 1991 to 1994. J Med Virol. 1999 Jul; 58(3): 296-303. PubMed | Google Scholar
- World Health Organization (WHO). Manual of rotavirus
detection and characterization methods. WHO/IVB/08. 2009; 17: p 1-146. Google
Scholar
- MRC/MEDUNSA Diarrhoel Pathogens Research Unit and WHO. African Rotavirus Workshop 2002 Laboratory Manual. 2002. Google Scholar
- Gouvea V, Glass RI, Woods P, Taniguchi K, Clark HF, Forrester
B, Fang Z. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus
nucleic acid from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Feb; 28(2): 276–282. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Gault E, Chikhi-Brachet R, Delon S, Schnepf N, Albiges
L, Grimprel E, Girardet JP, Garbarg-Chenon A. distribution of human rotavirus
G types circulating in Paris, France, during the 1997-1998 epidemic: high prevalence
of type G4. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999; 37: 2373-2375. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Woods P, Gouvea V, Gorziglia M, Flores J, Das BK, Bhan MK. Identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Jun; 30(6): 1365-73. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kiulia NM, Kamenwa R, Irimu G, Nyangao JO, Gatheru Z,
Nyachieo A, Steele AD, Mwenda J.The epidemiology of human rotavirus associated
with diarrhoea in Kenya children: a review. J Trop Pediatr. 2008 Dec; 54(6):
401-5. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Gatinu BW, Prevalence of group A rotavirus and electrolyte profiles in children presenting with acute diarrhea at KNH. Dissertation for Master of Medicine in Paediatrics and Child Health. University of Nairobi. 2007. Google Scholar
- Apondi EW, Omondi JV, Ichinose Y. Detection and molecular
characterization of rotavirus strains isolated from children attending selected
health facilities in Kiambu district, Kenya. Thesis report submitted to Kenyatta
University for a master science biotechnology. 2012; P 48-60. Google
Scholar
- Odiit A, Mulindwa A, Nalumansi E, Mphahlele J, Seheri
LM, Mwenda JM, Kisakye A. Rotavirus prevalence and genotypes among chlidren
younger than 5 years with acute diarrhea at Mulango National Referral Hospital,
Kampala, Uganda. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Jan; 33 Suppl 1: S41-4. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Pennal G, Umoh J. Prevalence of Group A rotavirus infection and some risk factors in Pediatric diarrhea in Zaria, North Central Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2010; 4: 1532-1536. Google Scholar
- Kiulia NM, Nyaga MM, Seheri ML, Wolfaardt M et al. Rotavirus
G and P types circulating in the Eastern Region of Kenya; predominance of G9
and emergence of G12 Genotypes. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2014;
33 Supplement 1: S85-S88. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Kang G, Desai R, Arora R, Chitambar S, Naik TN et al. Diversity of circulating rotavirus strains in children hospitalized with diarrhea in India, 2005-2009. Vaccine. 2013; 31(27): 2879-2883. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Clark HF, Hoshino Y, Bell LM, Groff J, Hess G, Bachaman P et al. Rotavirus isolate WI61 representing a presumptive new human serotype. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Sep; 25(9): 1757-62. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus genotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol. 2005 Jan-Feb; 15(1): 29-56. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Phan Le Van, Ji-Yeon Kim, Sung-Lim Cho, Sun-Woo Nam,
Inseok Lim, Hee-Joong Lee, Kijeong Kim, Sang-In Chung, Wonkeun Song, Kyu Man
Lee, Moon-Soo Rhee, Jung-Sook Lee, and Wonyong Kim. Detection of Unusual Rotavirus
Genotypes G8P [8] and G12P [6] in South Korea. Journal of Medical Virology.
2008; 80: 175-182. Google
Scholar
- Enweronu-Laryea1 CC, Sagoe KW, Damanka S, Lartey B,
George EA. Rotavirus genotypes associated with childhood severe acute diarrhoea
in southern Ghana. Virol J. 2013 Sep 14; 10: 287. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Hassine-Zaafrane M, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Ben Salem I, Kaplon
J, Ayouni S, Ambert-Balay K, Nabil S, Pierre P, Mahjoub A. The molecular
epidemiology of circulating rotaviruses: three-year surveillance in the region
of Monastir, Tunisia. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2011; 11(1): 266. Google
Scholar
- Kang G, Kelkar SD, Chitambar SD, Ray P, Naik T. Epidemiological profile of rotaviral infection in India: Challenges for the 21st Century. J Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1; 192 Suppl 1: S120-6. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Chakravarti A, Chauhan M, Sharma A, Verma. Distribution
of human rotavirus G and P genotypes in a hospital setting from Northern India.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2010; 41(5): 1145-1153. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Page NA, de Beer MC, Seheri LM et al. The detection and molecular characterization of human G12 genotypes in South Africa. J Med Virol. 2009 Jan; 81(1): 106-13. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Matthijnssens J, Heylen E, Zeller M et al. Phylodynamic analyses of rotavirus genotypes G9 and G12 underscore their potential for swift global spread. Mol Biol Evol. 2010 Oct; 27(10): 2431-6. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Taniguchi K, Urasawa T, Kobayashi N, Gorziglia M, Urasawa S. Nucleotide sequence of VP4 and VP7 genes of human rotaviruses with subgroup I specificity and long RNA pattern: implication for new G genotype specificity. J Virol. 1990; 64: 5640-4. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Steele AD, Neuzil KM, Cunliffe NA, Madhi SA, Bos P et al. Human rotavirus vaccine rotarix® provides protection against diverse circulating rotavirus strains in African infants: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2012; 12: 213. Google Scholar
- Nigel AC, Bagrey MN, Winifred D, Osamu N, Toyoko N, Arantza PC, Hart A, Kazembe PN, Mwansambo CCV. Genotype G12 Rotaviruses, Lilongwe, Malawi. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Jan; 15(1): 87-90. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Paul SK, Ahmed MU, Hossain MA, Mahmud MC, Bhuiyan MR et al. Molecular characterization of Group A human rotavirus among hospitalized children and adults in Bangladesh: finding of emerging G 12 strain. Mymensingh Med J. 2010; 19(1): 16-26. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Lacroix L, Galetto-Lacour A, Altwegg M, Egli K, Schmidt M, Gervaix A. Disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children up to 5 years of age in two Swiss cantons: Pediatrician and hospital-based surveillance. Eur J Pediatr. 2010; 169(3): 319-325. Google Scholar
- Van Man N, Luan Le T, Trach DD et al. Epidemiological profile and burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Vietnam: 5 years of sentinel hospital surveillance, 1998–2003. J Infect Dis. 2005 Sep 1; 192 Suppl 1: S127-32. PubMed | Google Scholar