References
- Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 Jul 21;331(3):161-7. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) Cryptosporidiosis
outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water Use in Five States. 2006;
CDC Weekly report July 27, 2007;56(29):729-732 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5629a1.htm. Google
Scholar
- Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2004 Dec 9;126(1-2):37-56. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Alpert G, Bell LM, Kirkpatrick CE, Budnick LD, Campos JM, Friedman HM et al. Cryptosporidiosis in a day-care centre. New Eng J Med. 1984 Sep 27;311(13):860-1. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Banwart EB, Egah DZ, Onile BA, Angyo IA, Audu ES. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among undernourished children in Jos Central Nigeria. Nig Posgrad Med J. 2003;10(2):84-97. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Xiao L, Zhou L, Santin M, Yang W, Fayer R. Distribution of Cryptosporidiumparvum subtypes in calves in eastern United States. Parasitol Res. 2007;100(4):701-6. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Plutzer J, Karanis P. Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: an update. Vet Parasitol. 2009;165(3-4):187-99. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Sulaiman IM, Xiao L, Yang C, Escalante L, Moore A, Beard CB et al. Differentiating human from animal isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Emerging infectious diseases. 1998;4(4):681-685. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Experimental parasitology. 2010 Jan;124(1):80-9. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Robinson G, Elwin K, Chalmers RM. Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14(11):1800-2. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W et al. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infect Dis. 2001; 183(3):492-497. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Molloy SF, Smith HV, Kirwan P, Nichols RAB, Asaolu SO, Connelly L et al. Identification of a High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species Genotypes and Subtypes in a Pediatric Population in Nigeria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010; 82(4):608-613. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Dozie I, Nkem B, Chukwuocha U. Cryptosporidiosis in Imo state, Nigeria. J Rural Trop Public Health. 2011;10:106-110. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Benjamin N, Uchechukwu C, IkechukwuD, Oliver A, Muodebe N. Cryptosporidiosis among children in some rural parts of Imo state. Nigeria Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. 2013;5(11):440-444. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Ayinmode AB, Fagbemi BO, Xiao L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium in children in Oyo State, Nigeria: implications for infection sources. Parasitol Res. 2012 Jan;110(1):479-81. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Eibach D, Krumkamp R, Al-Emran MH, Sarpong N, Hagen MR, Adu-Sarkodie Y et al. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp among Children in Rural Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(3):e0003551. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Wellington O, Chika O, Adetayo F. Cryptosporidium and other Intestinal Protozoans in Children with Diarrhoea in Lagos, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2008;5(2):1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Bench Aids for the diagnosis
of intestinal parasites , Reprinted 2000,2003, 2012 with corrections,
Geneva, 1994 ; 10:1-23 Available http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/37323/1/9789241544764_eng.pdf. Google
Scholar
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnostic procedures for stool specimens. Available online: www.cdc.gov/Diagnostic_procedures. 2012; Accessed: October 25, 2015. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Zhao GH, Ren WX, Gao M, Bian QQ, Hu B, Cong MM et al. Genotyping Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle in Shaanxi province, Northwestern China. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60112. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Qin S, Zhang X, Zhao G, Zhou D, Yin M, Zhao Q, Zhu X. First report of Cryptosporidiumspp in white yaksin. China Parasites and Vectors. 2014;7:230. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, McWilliam H et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics. 2007; 23(21):2947-2948. Google Scholar
- Kimura M. A Simple Method for Estimating Evolutionary Rates of Base Substitutions Through Comparative Studies of Nucleotide Sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 1980;16:111-120. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nevine S, El-Helalya, Alyb MM, Attia SS. Detection of Cryptosporidium Infection among Children with Diarrhoea. New York Science Journal. 2012;5(7): 68-76. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Tumwine JK, Kekitiinwa A, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Ndeezi G, Downing R, Feng X et al. Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in Ugandan children with persistent diarrhea with and without concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(5): 921-925. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Vandenberg O, Van Laethem Y, Souayah H, Kutane WT,
Van Gool T, Dediste A. Improvement of routine diagnosis of intestinal
parasites with multiple sampling and SAF-fixative in the triple-faeces-
test. Acta
Gastroenterol Belg. 2006; 69:361-366. Google
Scholar
- Saneian H, Yaghini O, Yaghini A, Modarresi M, Soroshnia M. Infection Rate of Cryptosporidium parvum among Diarrheic Children in Isfahan Iran. J Pediatr. 2010;20(3):343-347. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Lal A, Fearnley E and Kirk M. The Risk of Reported Cryptosporidiosis in Children Aged <5 Years in Australia is Highest in Very Remote Regions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Sep 18;12(9):11815-28. PubMed | Google Scholar
- AL-Hindi AI, Elmanama AA, Elnabris, KJ. Cryptosporidiosis
Among children attending Al-Nasser pediatric hospital, Gaza, Palestine.
Turkey Journal of Medical Science. 2007;37(6):367- 372. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Gatei W, Wamae CN, Mbae C, Waruru A, Mulinge E, Waithera
T et al. Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms
associated with infections in children in Kenya. The American journal
of tropical medicine
and hygiene. 2006;75(1):78-82.PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Rafiei A, Rashno Z, Samarbafzadeh A, Khademvatan S. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp: Isolated From Immuno-compromised Patients and Children. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7(4):1-4. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Wang KX, Li CP, Wang J, Pan BR. Epidemiological survey of cryptosporidiosis in Anhui Province China. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;8(2):371-374. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Taghipour N, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Haghighi A, Rostami-Nejad M, Romani S, Keshavarz A et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in Iranian Children, Tehran, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2011;6(4):41-45. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nimri LF, Batchoun R. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994;32(4):1040-1042. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: Transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Nov;30(12-13):1305-22. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Youssef FG, Adib I, Riddle MS, Schlett CD. A Review of Cryptosporidiosis in Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Social Parasitology. 2008;38(1): 9-28. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Mor MS, Tzipori S. Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub-Saharan Africa: a lingering challenge. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47(7):915-921. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Iqbal J, Hra PR, Al-Ali F, Philip R. Cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children: seasonality and endemicity. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001;7(5):261-266. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Laubach HE, Bentley CZ, Ginter EL, Spalter JS, Jensen LA. A study of risk factors associated with the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in villages around Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Brazillian Journal of Infectious Disease. 2004;8(4):319-323. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Preiser G, Preiser L, Madeo L. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary science students who work with calves. Journal of American College Health. 2003;51(5):213-215. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Ajjampur SS, Gladstone BP, Selvapandian D, Muliyil JP, Ward H, Kang G. Molecular and spatial epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in a semi-Urban community in South India. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2007 Mar;45(3):915-20. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Peng MM, Meshnick SR, Cunliffe NA, Thindwa BDM, Hart CA, Broadhead RL, Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in children in Malawi. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2003;50:557-559. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Okojokwu OJ, Inabo HI, Yakubu SE, Okubanjo OO, Akpakpan
EE, Anejo-Okopi AJ. Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium Species
from Extensively Managed Cattle Slaughtered inAbattoirs in Kaduna State,
Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research. 2016;7(1):17-22. Google
Scholar
- Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Haghighi A, Taghipour N, Keshavarz A, Zali RM, Xiao L et al. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis isolates from humans and cattle in Iran. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011; 179: 250-252. PubMed | Google Scholar