References

  1. Goliber TJ (1997). Population et santé de la reproduction en Afrique subsaharienne. http://www.prb.org/pdf/52.4PopRepHealthSubAfrica_Fr.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2015. Google Scholar

  2. Fond monétaire International: Etudes économiques et financières. Perspectives économiques régionales. Entretenir la croissance dans un climat mondial d'incertitude.201 http://www.imf.org/external/french/pubs/ft/reo/2012/afr/sreo0412f.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2015. Google Scholar

  3. World Bank. In: World development report 2003: sustainable development in a dynamic world: transforming institutions, growth, and quality of Life. New York : Oxford UniversityPress, 2002 : 272. Google Scholar

  4. Idro R, Newton CR, Kiguli S, Kakooza-Mwesige A. Child Neurology Practice and Neurological Disorders in East Africa. J Child Neurol. 2010; 25 (4): 518-524. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Ngoungou EB, Quet F, Dubreuil CM, Marin B, Houinato D, Nubukpo P, Dalmay F, Millogo A, Nsengiyumva G, Kouna-Ndouongo P, Diagana M, RatsimbazafyV,Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM. Epidemiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Santé. 2006; 16(4):225-238. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Performances Management Consulting. La santé en Afrique Subsaharienne : Panorama, problématiques, enjeux et perspectives. http: //www.perfcons.com/page/doc/NS%20Sante_2010.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2015. Google Scholar

  7. WHO. The world health report, 2001: mental health-new understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001 http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf. Accessed 23 August 2015. Google Scholar

  8. Wilmshurst JM, Cross JH, Newton C, Kakooza AM, Wammanda RD, Mallewa M, Samia P, Venter A, Hirtz D, Chugani H. Children with epilepsy in Africa: recommendation from the International Child Neurology Association/African Child Neurology Association workshop. J Child Neurol. 2013; 28(5):633-644. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Idro R, Gwer S, Kahindi M, Gatakaa H, Kazungu T, Ndiritu M, Maitland K, Neville BG, Kager PA, Newton CR. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of epilepsy in older children in rural Kenya. Seizure. 2008; 17(5):396-404. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Wagner RG, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ae-Ngibise K, Owusu-Agyei S, Masanja H, Kamuyu G, Odhiambo R, Chengo E, Sander JW, Newton CR, SEEDS group. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3):253-263. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Preux PM, Druet-Cabanac M. Epidemiology and etiology of epilepsy in Sub-saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol. 2005; 4(1):21-31. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Traoré M, Tahny R, Sacko M. Prévalence de l'épilepsie chez les enfants de 3 à 15 ans dans 2 communes du district de Bamako. Rev Neurol. 2000 ; 156(suppl 1): 1S18. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Diop AG, Agbohous OL, Ndiaye M. Prévalence de l'épilepsie en milieu scolaire sénégalais. Communication presented to the 12th Congress of the Pan-African Association of Neurological Sciences, Durban (South Africa). May 19-23, 1996. Google Scholar

  14. Nelson KB, Ellemberg JH. Prognosis in children with febrile seizures. Paediatrics. 1978 May;61(5):720-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE. Febrile seizures. BMJ. 2007 ; 334(7588):307-311. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Dravet C, Oguni H. Dravet syndrome (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy). Handb Clin Neurol. 2013; 111:627-633. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Idro R, Gwer S, Kahindi M, Gatakaa H, Kazungu T, Ndiritu M, Maitland K, Neville BG, Kager PA, Newton CR. The incidence, aetiology and outcome of acute seizures in children admitted to a rural Kenyan district hospital. BMC Pediatr. 2008; 8:5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Sadarangani M, Seaton C, Scott JA, Ogutu B, Edwards T, Prins A, Gatakaa H, Idro R, Berkley JA, Peshu N, Neville BG, Newton CR. Incidence and outcome of convulsive status epilepticus in Kenyan children: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7 (2):145-150. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Chin RF, Neville BG, Peckham C, Wade A, Bedford H, Scott RC. Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a Prospective, population-basedstudy. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7(8): 696-703. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Tekle-Haimanot R, Forsgren L, Abebe M, Gebre-Mariam A, Heijbel J, Holmgren G, Ekstedt J. Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epilepsy in rural Ethiopia: a community-based study. Epilepsy Res.1990; 7: 230-239. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Jilek-Aall L, Rwiza HT. Prognosis of epilepsy in a rural African community: a 30-year follow-up of 164 patients in an outpatient clinic in rural Tanzania. Epilepsia. 1992; 33: 645-650. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Watts AE. The natural history of untreated epilepsy in a rural community in Africa. Epilepsia.1992; 33: 464-468. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Kaputu-Kalala-Malu C, Mafuta Mafuta E, Okitundu Luwa E-Andjafono D, Lusamba Muteba Jeanine, Mapatano Man, Kayembe Kalula T, Mukendi Kavulu Mayamba R, Misson JP. Short term outcome of seizures associated with fever in children in primary health care in Kinshasa. Afr J Neurol Sci. 2012; 31: 23-33. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Kaputu-Kalala-Malu C, Mafuta Musalu E, Dubru JM, Leroy P, Tomat AM, Misson JP. Epidémiologie et caractéristiques des convulsions fébriles de l'enfant. Rev Med Liège. 2013; 68 (4): 180-185. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Frank-Briggs AI, Alikor EA. Knowledge and attitudes of parents toward children with epilepsy. Ann Afr Med. 2011; 10(3):238-242. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Ofovwe G, Ibadin OM, Ofovwe EC, Okolo AA. Home management of febrile convulsions in African population: a comparison of urban and rural mothers? knowledge and practice. J Neurol sci. 2002; 200(1-2): 49-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Farnarier G, Moubeka-Mounguengui M, Kouna P, Assengone-Zeh Y, Gueye L. Epilepsies dans les pays tropicaux en voie de développement : étude de quelques indicateurs de santé. Epilepsies. 1996; 8: 189-213. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Senanayake N, Roman GC. Epidemiology of epilepsy in the tropics. J Trop Geogr Neurol. 1992; 2: 10-19. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Commission on tropical diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy. Relationship between epilepsy and tropical diseases. Epilepsia. 1994 Jan-Feb;35(1):89-93. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Adamolekun B. The aetiologies of epilepsy in tropical Africa. Trop Geogr Med. 1995;47(3):115-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Farnarier G, Guèye L. Facteurs de risques particuliers des épilepsies en Afrique. Epilepsies. 1998; 10: 105-114. Google Scholar

  32. Birbeck GL. Epilepsy in Africa: caution and optimism. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12(3):220-222. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Prevett M. Epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Pract Neurol. 2013; 13(1):14-20. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Kaputu-Kalala-Malu C, Mukeba Kahamba D, Ntumba-Tshitenge O, Mafuta Musalu E, Ndahindwa V, Okitundu Luwa E-Andjafono D, Kayembe Kalula T, Mukendi Kavulu Mayamba R, Misson JP. Prolonged seizures in children in sub-Saharan Africa Clinical aspects and management. Med Sante Trop. 2015; 25 (3):306-311. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Agbéré A, Tatagan K, Madikorai MG, Eklu-Avlasu E, Balaka B, Bakonde B, Atakouma Y, Assimadi K, Kessie K, Grunizky K. Les crises convulsives de l'enfant dans le service de Pédiatrie du centre hospitalier régional de Kara (Nord-Togo). MédAfr Noire.1995; 42: 310-314. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Waruiru CM, Newton CR, Forster D, New L, Winstanley P, Mwangi I, Marsh V, Winstanley M, Snow RW, Marsh K. Epileptic seizures and malaria in kenyan children. Trans R Soc Trop Med hyg. 1996;90 (2):152-155. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Angyo IA, Pam SD, Szlachetka R. Clinical pattern and outcome in children with acute severe falciparum malaria at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 1996; 73(12):823-826. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Waller D, Krishna S, Crawley J, Miller K, Nosten F, Chapman D, terKuile FO, Craddock C, Berry C, Holloway PA et al. Clinical features and outcome of severe malaria in Gambian children. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21 (3):577-587. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Camara B, Diagne-Gueye NR, Faye PM, Fall ML, Ndiaye JL, Ba M, Sow HD. Malaria severity criteria and prognostic factors among children in Dakar. Med Mal Infect. 2011; 41(2):63-67. PubMed | Google Scholar

  40. Nguefack S, Ngo Kana CA, Mah E, KuateTegueu A, Chiabi A, Fru F, Tchokoteu PF, Mbonda E. Aspects Cliniques, Etiologiques et Thérapeutiques des Convul¬sions Fébriles: à propos de 325 cas à Yaoundé. Arch Pediatr. 2010 ; 17: 480-485. PubMed | Google Scholar

  41. Koram KA, Molyneux ME. When is "malaria" malaria ? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77(6 Suppl):1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  42. Carter JA, Neville BG, White S, Ross AJ, Otieno G, Mturi N, Musumba C, Newton CR. Increased prevalence of epilepsy associated with severe falciparum malaria in children. Epilepsia. 2004; 45: 978-981. PubMed | Google Scholar

  43. Ngoungou EB, Koko J, Druet-Cabanac M, Assengone-Zeh-Nguema Y, Launay MN, Engohang E, Moubeka-Mounguengui M, Kouna-Ndouongo P, Loembe PM, Preux PM, Kombila M. Cerebral malaria and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006; 47(12):2147-2153. PubMed | Google Scholar

  44. Ngoungou EB, Dulac O, Poudiougou B, Druet-Cabanac M, Dicko A, Mamadou Traore A, Coulibaly D, Farnarier G, Tuillas M, Keita MM, Kombila M, Doumbo OK, Preux PM. Cerebral malaria and sequelar epilepsy: first matched case-control study in Gabon. Epilepsia. 2006; 47(5):873-879. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. Meinardi H, Scott RA, Reis R, Sander JW, ILAE Commission on the Developing World. The treatment gap in epilepsy: the current situation and ways forward. Epilepsia. 2001 Jan;42(1):136-49. PubMed | Google Scholar

  46. Chin JH. Epilepsy treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: closing the gap. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(2): 186-192. PubMed | Google Scholar

  47. Kale R. The treatment gap. Epilepsia. 2002;43 Suppl 6:31-3. PubMed | Google Scholar

  48. Meyer AC, Dua T, Ma J, Saxena S, Birbeck G. Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2010; 88:260-266. Google Scholar

  49. Mbuba CK, Ngugi AK, Newton CR, Carter JA. The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies. Epilepsia. 2008; 49:1491-1503. PubMed | Google Scholar

  50. Wilmshurst JM, Badoe E, Wammanda RD, Mallewa M, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Venter A, Newton CR. Child neurology services in Africa. J Child Neurol. 2011; 26(12):1555-1563. PubMed | Google Scholar

  51. Wilmshurst JM, Burman R, Gaillard WD, Cross JH. Treatment of infants with epilepsy: common practices around the world. Epilepsia. 2015 ; 56 (7): 1033-46. PubMed | Google Scholar

  52. Frank-Briggs AI, Alikor EA. Knowledge and attitudes of parents toward children with epilepsy. Ann Afr Med. 2011; 10(3):238-242. PubMed | Google Scholar

  53. Kaputu-Kalala-Malu C, Jean D'Amour Birindabagabo, Timothy David Walker, Eric Mafuta-Musalu, Olga Ntumba-Tshitenge, Pierre-Marie Preux, Jean-Paul Misson. Evaluation of adherence to a convulsion management protocol for children in Rwanda. J Trop Pediatr. 2014; 60 (2): 124-128. PubMed | Google Scholar

  54. Sykes RM, Okonofua JA. Rectal diazepam solution in the treatment of convulsions in the children's emergency room. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1988; 8(4):259-261. PubMed | Google Scholar

  55. Ogutu BR, Newton CR, Crawley J, Muchohi SN, Otieno GO, Edwards G, Marsh K, Kokwaro GO. Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002; 53:49-57. PubMed | Google Scholar

  56. Mpimbaza A, Staedke SG, Ndeezi G, Byarugaba J, Rosenthal PJ. Predictors of anti-convulsivant treatement failure in children presenting with malaria and prolonged seizures in Kampala. Malar J. 2009; 8: 145. PubMed | Google Scholar

  57. Mpimbaza A, Ndeezi G, Staedke S, Rosenthal PJ, Byarugaba J. Comparison of buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam the treatment of prolonged seizures in Ugandan children: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(1):e58-64. PubMed | Google Scholar

  58. Muchohi SN, Obiero K, Newton CR, Ogutu BR, Edwards G, Kokwaro GO. Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of lorazepam in children with severe malaria and convulsions. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 65 (1): 12-21. PubMed | Google Scholar

  59. Ahmad S, Ellis JC, Kamwendo H, Molyneux E. Efficacy and safety of intranasal lorazepam versus intramuscular paraldehyde for protracted convulsions in children: an open randomised trial. Lancet. 2006 May 13;367(9522):1591-1597. PubMed | Google Scholar

  60. Malu CK, Kahamba DM, Walker TD, Mukampunga C, Musalu EM, Kokolomani J, Mayamba RM, Wilmshurst JM, Dubru JM, Misson JP. Efficacy of sublingual lorazepam versus intrarectal diazepam for prolonged convulsions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Child neurology, J Child Neurol. 2014; 29(7):895-902. PubMed | Google Scholar

  61. Njamnshi AK, Tabah EN, Yepnjio FN, Angwafor SA, Dema F, Fonsah JY, Kuate CT, de Paul Djientcheu V, Angwafo F 3rd, Muna WF. General public awareness, perceptions, and attitudes with respect to epilepsy in the Akwaya Health District, South-West Region, Cameroon. Epilepsy Behav. 2009; 15(2):179-185. PubMed | Google Scholar

  62. Njamnshi AK, Tabah EN, Bissek AC, Yepnjio FN, Kuate C, Angwafor SA, Dema F, Fonsah JY, Wirngo MS, Acho A, Obama MT, Angwafo FF 3rd, Muna WF. Knowledge, attitudes and practice with respect to epilepsy among secondary school students in the Kumbo West Health District - North West Region- Cameroon. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;18(3):247-253. PubMed | Google Scholar

  63. Nuhu FT, Fawole JO, Babalola OJ, Ayilara OO, Sulaiman ZT. Social consequences of epilepsy: a study of 231 Nigerian patients. Ann Afr Med. 2010; 9(3):170-175. PubMed | Google Scholar

  64. Chugani HT, Wilmshurst J, Newton CR. The role of ICNA in Africa. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011; 53 (5): 387-388. PubMed | Google Scholar