References

  1. Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(15):1175-86. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain C, Bazzoli F, El-Omar E, Graham D et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut. 2007; 56(6):772-81. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Talley NJ, Vakil N. Guidelines for the management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(10):2324-37. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Graham DY, Sung JY. Helicobacter pylori. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, editors. Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease; Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. p. 1049-66. Google Scholar

  5. Chey WD, Wong BC. American College of Gastroenterology guideline on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102(8):1808-25. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Marshall BJ. The Campylobacter pylori story. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1988; 146:58-66. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Kidd M, Modlin IM. A century of Helicobacter pylori: paradigms lost-paradigms regained. Digestion. 1998; 59(1):1-15. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984;1(8390):1311-5.. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Houghton J, Wang TC. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a new paradigm for inflammation-associated epithelial cancers. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(6):1567-78. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(18):1267-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Tomb JF, White O, Kerlavage AR, Clayton RA, Sutton GG, Fleischmann RD et al. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature. 1997;388(6642):539-47. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005. [cited 2016 Jan 10]. Available from: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2005/index.html. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Rowland M, Daly L, Vaughan M, Higgins A, Bourke B, Drumm B. Age-specific incidence of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130(1):65-72. Google Scholar

  14. Malaty HM, Graham DY. Importance of childhood socioeconomic status on the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 1994; 35(6):742-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Malaty HM, Graham DY, Isaksson I, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL. Are genetic influences on peptic ulcer dependent or independent of genetic influences for Helicobacter pylori infection?. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(1):105-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A, Normanno G, Parisi A, Patrono R, Ranieri G et al. High occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in raw goat, sheep and cow milk inferred by glmM gene: a risk of food-borne infection?. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;124(1):43-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. El-Zaatari FA, Woo JS, Badr A, Osato MS, Serna H, Lichtenberger LM et al. Failure to isolate Helicobacter pylori from stray cats indicates that H pylori in cats may be an anthroponosis-an animal infection with a human pathogen. J Med Microbiol. 1997; 46(5):372-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Ogunbodede EO, Lawal OO, Lamikanra A, Okeke IN, Rotimi O, Rasheed AA. Helicobacter pylori in the dental plaque and gastric mucosa of dyspeptic Nigerian patients. Trop Gastroenterol. 2002 ;23(3):127-33. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Agüloğlu S, Turhano?lu M, Eskimez S, Tacir I. Detection of Helicobacter pylori colonization in human dental plaques and saliva of patients with chronic gastritis. Biotechnol Biotechnol Eq. 2006;20:173-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22(2):283-97. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Suzuki H, Masaoka T, Nomura S, Hoshino Y, Kurabayashi K, Minegishi Y et al. Current consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of H pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease. Keio J Med. 2003; 52(3):163-73. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Saito N, Konishi K, Sato F, Kato M, Takeda H, Sugiyama T et al. Plural transformation-processes from spiral to coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its viability. J Infect.2003;46(1):49-55. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Hofman P, Waidner B, Hofman V, Bereswill S, Brest P, Kist M. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2004; 9(Suppl 1):15-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Moran AP. Lipopolysaccharide in bacterial chronic infection: insights from Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and lipid A. Int J Med Microbiol. 2007; 297(5):307-19. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Brisslert M, Enarsson K, Lundin S, Karlsson A, Kusters JG, Svennerholm AM et al. Helicobacter pylori induce neutrophil transendothelial migration: role of the bacterial HP-NAP. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005; 249(1):95-103. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Szabo I, Brutsche S, Tombola F, Moschioni M, Satin B, Telford JL et al. Formation of anion-selective channels in the cell plasma membrane by the toxin VacA of Helicobacter pylori is required for its biological activity. EMBO J. 1999; 18(20):5517-27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Maeda S, Yoshida H, Mitsuno Y, Hirata Y, Ogura K, Shiratori Y et al. Analysis of apoptotic and antiapoptotic signalling pathways induced by Helicobacter pylori. Gut. 2002;50(6):771-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. van Doorn LJ, Figueiredo C, Sanna R, Plaisier A, Schneeberger P, de Boer W et al. Clinical relevance of the cagA, vacA, and iceA status of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology. 1998;115(1):58-66. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Rohde M, Puls J, Buhrdorf R, Fischer W, Haas R. A novel sheathed surface organelle of the Helicobacter pylori cag type IV secretion system. Mol Microbiol. 2003;49(1):219-34. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Yamaoka Y, Kwon DH, Graham DY. A M(r) 34,000 proinflammatory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97(13):7533-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Wu YY, Tsai HF, Lin WC, Chou AH, Chen HT, Yang JC et al. Helicobacter pylori enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(16):2334-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Lundgren A, Suri-Payer E, Enarsson K, Svennerholm AM, Lundin BS. Helicobacter pylori-specific CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells suppress memory T-cell responses to H pylori in infected individuals. Infect Immun. 2003;71(4):1755-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Marshall BJ. Campylobacter pyloridis, gastritis, and peptic ulceration. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39(4):353-65. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Yamaoka Y, Kita M, Kodama T, Sawai N, Kashima K, Imanishi J. Induction of various cytokines and development of severe mucosal inflammation by cagA gene positive Helicobacter pylori strains. Gut. 1997;41(4):442-51. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Ridgway WM, Weiner HL, Fathman CG. Regulation of autoimmune response. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994;6(6):946-55. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Fan X, Crowe SE, Behar S, Gunasena H, Ye G, Haeberle H et al. The effect of class II major histocompatibility complex expression on adherence of Helicobacter pylori and induction of apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells: a mechanism for T helper cell type 1-mediated damage. J Exp Med. 1998;187(10):1659-69. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Fan X, Gunasena H, Cheng Z, Espejo R, Crowe SE, Ernst PB et al. Helicobacter pylori urease binds to class II MHC on gastric epithelial cells and induces their apoptosis. J Immunol. 2000; 165(4):1918-24. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Futagami S, Hiratsuka T, Tatsuguchi A, Suzuki K, Kusunoki M, Shinji Y et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) released from Helicobacter pylori stimulated gastric epithelial cells induces cyclooxygenase 2 expression and activation in T cells. Gut. 2003; 52(9):1257-64. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Malcolm CA, MacKay WG, Shepherd A, Weaver LT. Helicobacter pylori in children is strongly associated with poverty. Scott Med J. 2004;49(4):136-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  40. Tham TC, Chen L, Dennison N, Johnston CF, Collins JS, Ardill JE et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on antral somatostatin cell density in humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10(4):289-91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  41. Adesanya AA, Oluwatowoju IO, Oyedeji KS, da Rocha-Afodu JT, Coker AO, Afonja OA. Evaluation of a locally-made urease test for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection. Niger Postgr Med J. 2002;9(1):43-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  42. Calam J, Baron JH. ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Pathophysiology of duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. BMJ. 2001;323(7319):980-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  43. Cryer B, Spechler S. Peptic Ulcer Disease . In: Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L, Sleisenger M, editors. Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastroenterology and liver disease; Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006. p. 1089-137. Google Scholar

  44. Matysiak-Budnik T, Megraud F. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2006 ;42(6):708-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. Bebb JR, Letley DP, Thomas RJ, Aviles F, Collins HM, Watson SA et al. Helicobacter pylori upregulates matrilysin (MMP-7) in epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro in a Cag dependent manner. Gut. 2003;52(10):1408-13. PubMed | Google Scholar

  46. Ernst PB, Gold BD. The disease spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: the immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2000;54:615-40. Google Scholar

  47. Hussell T, Isaacson PG, Crabtree JE, Spencer J. Helicobacter pylori-specific tumour-infiltrating T cells provide contact dependent help for the growth of malignant B cells in low-grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. J Pathol. 1996;178(2):122-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  48. Umehara S, Higashi H, Ohnishi N, Asaka M, Hatakeyama M. Effects of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein on the growth and survival of B lymphocytes, the origin of MALT lymphoma. Oncogene. 2003;22(51):8337-42. PubMed | Google Scholar

  49. Moayyedi P, Deeks J, Talley NJ, Delaney B, Forman D. An update of the Cochrane systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in nonulcer dyspepsia: resolving the discrepancy between systematic reviews. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98(12):2621-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  50. Blum AL, Talley NJ, O’Morain C, van Zanten S V, Labenz J, Stolte M et al. Lack of effect of treating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia - Omeprazole plus Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin Effect One Year after Treatment (OCAY) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(26):1875-81. PubMed | Google Scholar

  51. Franceschi F, Roccarina D, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Minerva Med. 2006; 97(1):39-45. PubMed | Google Scholar

  52. Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Non-gastrointestinal tract associations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(9):925-40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  53. Samarbaf-Zadeh AR, Tajbakhsh S, Moosavian SM, Sadeghi-Zadeh M, Azmi M, Hashemi J et al. Application of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. Med Sci Monit. 2006 ;12(10):CR426-30. PubMed | Google Scholar

  54. Logan RP, Walker MM. ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. BMJ. 2001;323(7318):920-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  55. Ola SO, Yakubu A, Otegbayo JA, Oluwasola AO, Ogunbiyi JO, Akang EE et al. The most appropriate site for endoscopic biopsy for the detection of H pylori among Nigerians in Ibadan. West Afr J Med. 2006;25(4):269-72. PubMed | Google Scholar

  56. Roth DE, Velapatino B, Gilman RH, Su WW, Berg DE, Cabrera L et al. A comparison of a string test-PCR assay and a stool antigen immunoassay (HpSA) for Helicobacter pylori screening in Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 95(4):398-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  57. Vaira D, Holton J, Menegatti M, Ricci C, Landi F, Ali A et al. New immunological assays for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 1999; 45(Suppl 1):I23-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  58. Koletzko S, Konstantopoulos N, Bosman D, Feydt-Schmidt A, van der Ende A, Kalach N et al. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal enzyme immunoassay for detection of Helicobacter pylori antigen in stool from children. Gut. 2003;52(6):804-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  59. Monteiro L, de Mascarel A, Sarrasqueta AM, Bergey B, Barberis C, Talby P et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: noninvasive methods compared to invasive methods and evaluation of two new tests. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(2):353-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  60. Makristathis A, Hirschl AM, Lehours P, Megraud F. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2004; 9(Suppl 1):7-14. PubMed | Google Scholar

  61. Romagnuolo J, Schiller D, Bailey RJ. Using breath tests wisely in a gastroenterology practice: an evidence-based review of indications and pitfalls in interpretation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(5):1113-26. PubMed | Google Scholar

  62. Andrews J, Marsden B, Brown D, Wong VS, Wood E, Kelsey M. Comparison of three stool antigen tests for Helicobacter pylori detection. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56(10):769-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  63. van Leerdam ME, van der Ende A, ten Kate FJ, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN. Lack of accuracy of the noninvasive Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test in patients with gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98(4):798-801. PubMed | Google Scholar

  64. Miwa H, Hirose M, Kikuchi S, Terai T, Iwazaki R, Kobayashi O et al. How useful is the detection kit for antibody to Helicobacter pylori in urine (URINELISA) in clinical practice?. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94(12):3460-3. PubMed | Google Scholar

  65. Gisbert JP, Pajares R, Pajares JM. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori therapy from a meta-analytical perspective. Helicobacter. 2007;12(Suppl 2):50-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  66. Avidan B, Melzer E, Keller N, Bar-Meir S. The effect of culture results for Helicobacter pylori on the choice of treatment following failure of initial eradication. Isr Med Assoc J. 2001; 3(3):163-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  67. Battaglia G, Di Mario F, Vigneri S, Vianello F, Benvenuti ME, Donisi PM et al. Strategy for the retreatment of failed Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a case series. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;30(4):370-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  68. Peitz U, Hackelsberger A, Malfertheiner P. A practical approach to patients with refractory Helicobacter pylori infection, or who are re-infected after standard therapy. Drugs. 1999;57(6):905-20. PubMed | Google Scholar

  69. Calvet X, Villoria A, Vergara M. Could increasing the duration of triple therapy be a clinically useful strategy?. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 148(8):624-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  70. Fuccio L, Minardi ME, Zagari RM, Grilli D, Magrini N, Bazzoli F. Meta-analysis: duration of first-line proton-pump inhibitor based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(8):553-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  71. Calvet X, Ducons J, Bujanda L, Bory F, Montserrat A, Gisbert JP. Seven versus ten days of rabeprazole triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a multicenter randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(8):1696-701. PubMed | Google Scholar

  72. Fischbach LA, Goodman KJ, Feldman M, Aragaki C. Sources of variation of Helicobacter pylori treatment success in adults worldwide: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):128-39. PubMed | Google Scholar

  73. de Boer WA, Driessen WM, Potters VP, Tytgat GN. Randomized study comparing 1 with 2 weeks of quadruple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89(11):1993-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  74. Jafri NS, Hornung CA, Howden CW. Meta-analysis: Sequential Therapy Appears Superior to Standard Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Naive to Treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(12):923-31. Google Scholar

  75. Liou J-M, Chen C-C, Chen M-J, Chen C-C, Chang C-Y, Fang Y-J et al. Sequential versus triple therapy for the fi rst-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori: a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9862):205-13. PubMed | Google Scholar

  76. Vaira D, Zullo A, Hassan C, Vakil N. Sequential therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: the time is now!. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2009; 2(6):317-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  77. Megraud F. H pylori antibiotic resistance: prevalence, importance, and advances in testing. Gut. 2004;53(9):1374-84. PubMed | Google Scholar

  78. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Helicobacter pylori “rescue” therapy after failure of two eradication treatments. Helicobacter. 2005;10(5):363-72. PubMed | Google Scholar

  79. Gisbert JP, Pajares JM. Review article: Helicobacter pylori “rescue” regimen when proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies fail. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(6):1047-57. PubMed | Google Scholar

  80. Gisbert JP. Second-line rescue therapy of helicobacter pylori infection. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2009; 2(6):331-56. PubMed | Google Scholar

  81. Axon AT. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori: future therapeutic and prophylactic perspectives. Gut. 1998; 43(Suppl 1):70-3. PubMed | Google Scholar

  82. Blanchard TG, Czinn SJ. Immunology of Helicobacter pylori and prospects for vaccine. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2000;29(3):671-85. PubMed | Google Scholar