References

  1. UNAIDS. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. 2014. 2013. Google Scholar

  2. Oti SO, Mutua M, Mgomella GS, Egondi T, Ezeh A, Kyobutungi C. HIV mortality in urban slums of Nairobi, Kenya 2003-2010: a period effect analysis. BMC public health. 2013;13:588. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Dunkle KL, Stephenson R, Karita E, Chomba E, Kayitenkore K, Vwalika C et al. New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabiting couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: an analysis of survey and clinical data. Lancet. 2008 Jun 28;371(9631):2183-91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Baryarama F, Bunnell R, McFarland W, Hudes ES, Neilands TB, Ransom RL, et al. Estimating HIV incidence in voluntary counseling and testing clients in Uganda (1992-2003). Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2007 Jan 1;44(1):99-105. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Chemaitelly H, Cremin I, Shelton J, Hallett TB, Abu-Raddad LJ. Distinct HIV discordancy patterns by epidemic size in stable sexual partnerships in sub-Saharan Africa. Sexually transmitted infections. 2012 Feb;88(1):51-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Damien dW. Sero-Discordant Couples in Five African Countries: Implications for Prevention Strategies. Population and Development Review. 2007 5 SEP; 33(3):22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Desgrees-du-Lou A, Orne-Gliemann J. Couple-centred testing and counselling for HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive health matters. 2008 Nov;16(32):151-61. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Chemaitelly H, Awad SF, Shelton JD, Abu-Raddad LJ. Sources of HIV incidence among stable couples in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 2014;17:18765. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Tanzania Commission for AIDS ZAC, National Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Macro International Inc. Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: 2012. Google Scholar

  10. Eyawo O, de Walque D, Ford N, Gakii G, Lester RT, Mills EJ. HIV status in discordant couples in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2010 Nov;10(11):770-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Glynn JR, Carael M, Buve A, Musonda RM, Kahindo M. HIV risk in relation to marriage in areas with high prevalence of HIV infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2003 Aug 1;33(4):526-35. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Tanzania Commission for AIDS ZAC, National Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Chief Government Statistician, Macro International Inc. Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007-08. Dar es Salaam,Tanzania: 2008. Google Scholar

  13. Kapiga SH, Sam NE, Mlay J, Aboud S, Ballard RC, Shao JF et al. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in northern Tanzania: results from a community-based study. AIDS care. 2006 May;18(4):379-87. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Carpenter LM, Kamali A, Ruberantwari A, Malamba SS, Whitworth JA. Rates of HIV-1 transmission within marriage in rural Uganda in relation to the HIV sero-status of the partners. AIDS (London, England). 1999 Jun 18;13(9):1083-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Rispel LC, Metcalf CA, Moody K, Cloete A, Caswell G. Sexual relations and childbearing decisions of HIV-discordant couples: an exploratory study in South Africa and Tanzania. Reproductive health matters. 2011 May;19(37):184-93. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Beyeza-Kashesya J, Kaharuza F, Mirembe F, Neema S, Ekstrom AM, Kulane A. The dilemma of safe sex and having children: challenges facing HIV sero-discordant couples in Uganda. African health sciences. 2009 Mar;9(1):2-12. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Beyeza-Kashesya J, Ekstrom AM, Kaharuza F, Mirembe F, Neema S, Kulane A. My partner wants a child: a cross-sectional study of the determinants of the desire for children among mutually disclosed sero-discordant couples receiving care in Uganda. BMC public health. 2010;10:247. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. de Bruyn G, Magaret A, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, Ndase P, Celum C et al. Mortality in members of HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in Africa and implications for antiretroviral therapy initiation: results of analyses from a multicenter randomized trial. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12:277. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Lingappa JR, Lambdin B, Bukusi EA, Ngure K, Kavuma L, Inambao M, et al. Regional differences in prevalence of HIV-1 discordance in Africa and enrollment of HIV-1 discordant couples into an HIV-1 prevention trial. PloS one. 2008;3(1):e1411. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Curran K, Baeten JM, Coates TJ, Kurth A, Mugo NR, Celum C. HIV-1 prevention for HIV-1 serodiscordant couples. Current HIV/AIDS reports. 2012 Jun;9(2):160-70. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Chomba E, Allen S, Kanweka W, Tichacek A, Cox G, Shutes E et al. Evolution of couples' voluntary counseling and testing for HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2008 Jan 1;47(1):108-15. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Organization WH. Guidance on couples HIV testing and counselling including antiretroviral therapy for treatment and prevention in serodiscordant couples: recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva, Switzerland: 2012 April. Report No. Google Scholar

  23. Kilewo C, Massawe A, Lyamuya E, Semali I, Kalokola F, Urassa E et al. HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: experiences from a study on prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2001 Dec 15;28(5):458-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Bwambale FM, Ssali SN, Byaruhanga S, Kalyango JN, Karamagi CA. Voluntary HIV counselling and testing among men in rural western Uganda: implications for HIV prevention. BMC public health. 2008;8:263. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Antelman G, Smith Fawzi MC, Kaaya S, Mbwambo J, Msamanga GI, Hunter DJ et al. Predictors of HIV-1 serostatus disclosure: a prospective study among HIV-infected pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS (London, England). 2001 Sep 28;15(14):1865-74. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. King R, Allen S, Serufilira A, Karita E, Van de Perre P. Voluntary confidential HIV testing for couples in Kigali, Rwanda. AIDS (London, England). 1993 Oct;7(10):1393-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Maman S, Mbwambo J, Hogan NM, Kilonzo GP, Sweat M. Women's barriers to HIV-1 testing and disclosure: challenges for HIV-1 voluntary counselling and testing. AIDS care. 2001 Oct;13(5):595-603. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Brou H, Djohan G, Becquet R, Allou G, Ekouevi DK, Viho I, et al. When do HIV-infected women disclose their HIV status to their male partner and why? A study in a PMTCT programme, Abidjan. PLoS medicine. 2007 Dec;4(12):e342. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Allen S, Meinzen-Derr J, Kautzman M, Zulu I, Trask S, Fideli U et al. Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing. AIDS (London, England). 2003 Mar 28;17(5):733-40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Ngure K, Mugo N, Celum C, Baeten JM, Morris M, Olungah O et al. A qualitative study of barriers to consistent condom use among HIV-1 serodiscordant couples in Kenya. AIDS care. 2012;24(4):509-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Ngure K, Baeten JM, Mugo N, Curran K, Vusha S, Heffron R et al. My intention was a child but I was very afraid: fertility intentions and HIV risk perceptions among HIV-serodiscordant couples experiencing pregnancy in Kenya. AIDS care. 2014;26(10):1283-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Mlay R, Lugina H, Becker S. Couple counselling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics: views from men, women and counsellors. AIDS care. 2008 Mar;20(3):356-60. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Semrau K, Kuhn L, Vwalika C, Kasonde P, Sinkala M, Kankasa C et al. Women in couples antenatal HIV counseling and testing are not more likely to report adverse social events. AIDS (London, England). 2005 Mar 24;19(6):603-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Msuya SE, Mbizvo E, Uriyo J, Stray-Pedersen B, Sam NE, Hussain A. Predictors of failure to return for HIV test results among pregnant women in Moshi, Tanzania. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2006 Sep;43(1):85-90. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Msuya SE, Mbizvo E, Hussain A, Uriyo J, Sam NE, Stray-Pedersen B. HIV among pregnant women in Moshi Tanzania: the role of sexual behavior, male partner characteristics and sexually transmitted infections. AIDS research and therapy. 2006;3:27. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Painter TM. Voluntary counseling and testing for couples: a high-leverage intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Social science & medicine (1982). 2001 Dec;53(11):1397-411. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Kairania R, Gray RH, Kiwanuka N, Makumbi F, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D et al. Disclosure of HIV results among discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda: a facilitated couple counselling approach. AIDS care. 2010 Sep;22(9):1041-51. PubMed | Google Scholar

  38. Roland S. Impact of Political Mobilization in Reaching 3.2 Million People in a National HIV Testing and Counseling Campaign in Tanzania Mainland. 2008 HIV/AIDSImplementer Meeting; 3-7 June; Kampala, Uganda2008. PubMed | Google Scholar

  39. Organization WH. National HIV testing campaign: a success story https://www.who.int/countries/tza/areas_of_work/HIV_testing_2008/en/index.html: WHO; 2009 [cited 2009 16 April]. Available from: https://www.who.int/countries/tza/areas_of_work/HIV_testing_2008/en/index.html. Google Scholar

  40. Welfare MoHaS. What does it mean by “Tanzania free from AIDS is possible”. AIDS News. 2008 April-June;Sect. 2. Google Scholar

  41. Allen S, Karita E, Chomba E, Roth DL, Telfair J, Zulu I, et al. Promotion of couples' voluntary counselling and testing for HIV through influential networks in two African capital cities. BMC public health. 2007;7:349. PubMed | Google Scholar

  42. Becker S, Mlay R, Schwandt HM, Lyamuya E. Comparing couples' and individual voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics in Tanzania: a randomized trial. AIDS and behavior. 2010 Jun;14(3):558-66. PubMed | Google Scholar

  43. Celum C, Wald A, Lingappa JR, Magaret AS, Wang RS, Mugo N et al. Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. The New England journal of medicine. 2010 Feb 4;362(5):427-39. PubMed | Google Scholar

  44. Sangiwa Gloria M, Grinstead Olga A, Hogan Margaret, Mwakagile Davis , Killewo Japhet ZJ, Gregorich Steven E et al. Characteristics of Individuals and Couples Seeking HIV-1 Prevention Services in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study. AIDS and behavior. 2000 March;4(1):8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  45. Hugonnet S, Mosha F, Todd J, Mugeye K, Klokke A, Ndeki L et al. Incidence of HIV infection in stable sexual partnerships: a retrospective cohort study of 1802 couples in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2002 May 1;30(1):73-80. PubMed | Google Scholar

  46. Msuya SE, Mbizvo EM, Hussain A, Uriyo J, Sam NE, Stray-Pedersen B. Low male partner participation in antenatal HIV counselling and testing in northern Tanzania: implications for preventive programs. AIDS care. 2008 Jul;20(6):700-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  47. Habte E, Yami A, Alemseged F, Abdissa Y, Deribe K, Memiah P et al. Predictors of HIV Serodiscordance among Couples in Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care. 2015 May-Jun;14(3):234-40 Epub 2013 May 22. PubMed | Google Scholar

  48. Mishra VAS, Greener R, Vaessen M, Hong R. Why Do So Many HIV Discordant Couples in SubSaharan Africa Have Female Partners Infected, Not Male Partners?. HIV/AIDS Implementers' Meeting; 18 June Kigali, Rwanda 2007. Google Scholar

  49. Mujugira A, Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Barnes L et al. Characteristics of HIV-1 serodiscordant couples enrolled in a clinical trial of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention. PloS one. 2011;6(10):e25828. PubMed | Google Scholar

  50. Eaton JW, Takavarasha FR, Schumacher CM, Mugurungi O, Garnett GP, Nyamukapa C et al. Trends in Concurrency, Polygyny, and Multiple Sex Partnerships During a Decade of Declining HIV Prevalence in Eastern Zimbabwe. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2014 Dec 1;210 Suppl 2:S562-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  51. Mishra V, Assche SB, Greener R, Vaessen M, Hong R, Ghys PD et al. HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS (London, England). 2007 Nov;21 Suppl 7:S17-28. PubMed | Google Scholar

  52. Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), ICF International 2013. Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12. TACAIDS, ZAC,NBS, OCGS, and ICF International 2013. Google Scholar

  53. Mnyika KS, Klepp KI, Kvale G, Ole-King'ori N. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection among women in the Arusha region of Tanzania. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association. 1996 Apr 15;11(5):484-91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  54. Mnyika KS, Klepp KI, Kvåle G, Nilssen S, Kissila PE, Ole-King'ori N. Prevalence of HIV-1HIV infection in urban, semi-urban and rural areas in Arusha region, Tanzania. AIDS (London, England). 1994 Oct;8(10):1477-81. PubMed | Google Scholar

  55. Malamba SS, Mermin JH, Bunnell R, Mubangizi J, Kalule J, Marum E et al. Couples at risk: HIV-1 concordance and discordance among sexual partners receiving voluntary counseling and testing in Uganda. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2005 Aug 15;39(5):576-80. PubMed | Google Scholar

  56. Kelly RJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T et al. Age differences in sexual partners and risk of HIV-1 infection in rural Uganda. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2003 Apr 1;32(4):446-51. PubMed | Google Scholar

  57. Blanc AK. The effect of power in sexual relationships on sexual and reproductive health: an examination of the evidence. Studies in family planning. 2001 Sep;32(3):189-213. PubMed | Google Scholar

  58. Bauni EK, Jarabi BO. Family planning and sexual behavior in the era of HIV/AIDS: the case of Nakuru District, Kenya. Studies in family planning. 2000 Mar;31(1):69-80. PubMed | Google Scholar