References

  1. Saypol DC. Varicocele. Journal of Andrology. 1981; 2(2):61-71. PubMed | Google Scholar

  2. Cooper TG, Noonan E, Von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HG, Behre HM & Vogelsong KM. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Human reproduction update. 2010; 16(3):231-245. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Nevoux P, Robin G, Gonheim T, Boitrelle F, Rigot JM & Marcelli F. Varicocèle et infertilité: mythe ou réalité?. Progres en Urologie-FMC. 2009; 19(4): F126-F130. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Comhaire F & Mahmoud A. Implications of multifactorial aetiology in the diagnosis and management of male infertility. In Andrology for the Clinician. 2006 ;pp. 33-35). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Said SA, Aribarg A, Virutamsen P, Chutivongse S, Koetsawang S, Meherjee P & Boukhris R. The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertility and Sterility. 1992 ; 57(6):1289-1293. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Mori MM, Bertolla RP, Fraietta R, Ortiz V & Cedenho AP. Does varicocele grade determine extent of alteration to spermatogenesis in adolescents? Fertility and sterility. 2008 ; 90(5):1769-1773. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Diao Sy B, Fall MR, Sow B, Sarr Y, Mohamed & Diagne BA. Varicocèle et infertilité masculine. Andrologie. 2012; 22(1):29-35. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Acar H, Kilinc M, Guven S, Yurdakul T & Celik R. Comparison of semen profile and frequency of chromosome aneuploidies in sperm nuclei of patients with varicocele before and after varicocelectomy. Andrologia. 2009; 41(3):157-162. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Evers JL, Collins JA, Vandekerckhove P. Surgery or embolisation for varicocele in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD000479. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Ficarra V, Cerruto MA, Liguori G, Mazzoni G, Minucci S, Tracia A & Gentile V. Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: the Cochrane review–a contrary opinion. European urology. 2006; 49(2):258-263. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Marmar JL, Agarwal A, Prabakaran S, Agarwal R, Short RA, Benoff S & Thomas Jr A J. Reassessing the value of varicocelectomy as a treatment for male subfertility with a new meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility. 2007; 88(3):639-648. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Cayan S, Shavakhabov S & Kadio?lu A. Treatment of Palpable Varicocele in Infertile Men: A Meta?analysis to Define the Best Technique.Journal of andrology. 2009; 30(1):33-40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Abdel-Meguid TA, Al-Sayyad A, Tayib A & Farsi HM. Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial. European urology. 2011; 59(3):455-461. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Yamamoto M, Hibi H, Hirata Y, Miyake K & Ishigaki T. Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters and pregnancy rate in patients with subclinical varicocele: a randomized prospective controlled study. The Journal of urology. 1996; 155(5):1636-1638. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Jarow JP, Sharlip ID, Belker AM, Lipshultz LI, Sigman M, Thomas AJ & Sadovsky R. Best practice policies for male infertility. The Journal of urology. 2002; 167(5):2138-2144. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Dohle GR, Colpi GM, Hargreave TB, Papp GK, Jungwirth A & Weidner W. EAU guidelines on male infertility. European urology. 2005 ;48(5):703-711. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Choi WS & Kim SW. Current issues in varicocele management: a review. The world journal of men's health. 2013; 31(1):12-20. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Agarwal R, Short RA, Sabanegh E & Marmar JL. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. Urology. 2007 ; 70(3):532-538. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Matthews GJ, Matthews ED & Goldstein M. Induction of spermatogenesis and achievement of pregnancy after microsurgical varicocelectomy in men with azoospermia and severe oligoasthenospermia.Fertility and sterility. 1998; 70(1):71-75. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Kim ED, Leibman BB, Grinblat DM & Lipshultz LI. Varicocele repair improves semen parameters in azoospermic men with spermatogenic failure. The Journal of urology. 1999 ; 162(3):737-740. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Wagner L & Tostain J. Varicocele and male infertility: AFU 2006 guidelines. Progres en urologie: journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie. 2007 ; 17(1):12-17. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Schlegel PN & Goldstein M. Alternate indications for varicocele repair: non-obstructive azoospermia, pain, androgen deficiency and progressive testicular dysfunction. Fertility and sterility. 2011 ; 96(6):1288-1293. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. O'brien JH, Bowles B, Kamal KM, Jarvi K & Zini A. Microsurgical varicocelectomy for infertile couples with advanced female age: natural history in the era of ART. Journal of andrology. 2004 ; 25(6):939-943. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Schlegel PN. Is assisted reproduction the optimal treatment for varicocele-associated male infertility? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Urology. 1997 ; 49(1):83-90. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Witt MA & Lipshultz LI. Varicocele: a progressive or static lesion?. Urology. 1993; 42(5):541-543. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Chehval MJ & Purcell MH. Deterioration of semen parameters over time in men with untreated varicocele: evidence of progressive testicular damage. Fertility and sterility. 1992 ; 57(1):174-177. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Gorelick JI & Goldstein M. Loss of fertility in men with varicocele.Fertility and sterility. 1993 ; 59(3):613-616. PubMed | Google Scholar