References

  1. Bergstain JM. Nephrotic syndrome, In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds, Nelson textbook of pediatrics 16th ed. 2000. Philadephia. W B Saunders Company.

  2. Eke FU, Eke NN. Renal disorders in children: a Nigerian study. Pediatric Nephrology. 1994;8(3):383-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Okoro BA, Okafor HU, Nnoli LU. Childhood nephrotic syndrome in Enugu, Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2000;19(2):137-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Ibadin MO, Abiodun PO. Epidemiology and clinicopathologic characteristics of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Benin-City, Nigeria. J Pak Med Assoc. 1998;48(8):235-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Nexo E, Clarke R, et al. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin Chem. 2004;50(1):3-32. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Klee GG. Cobalamin and folate evaluation: measurements of methulmalonic acid and homocysteine vs vitamin B12 and folate. Clin Chem. 2000;46:1277–83. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Verhoef P, Stampfer MJ, Buring JE. Homocysteine metabolism and risk of myocardial infarction: Relation with vitamins B6, B12 and folate. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(9):845–59. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Cattaneo M. Hyperhomocysteinemia, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999;81(2):165-76. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Perna AF, Ingrosso D, Lombardi C, Acanfora F, et al. Possible mechanisms of homocysteine toxicity. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003; 84:S137-40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Perna AF, Ingrosso D, Satta E, Lombardi C, Acanfora F, De Santo NG. Homocysteine metabolism in renal failure. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7(1):53-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. van Guldener C, Stehouwer CD. Homocysteine metabolism in renal disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41(11):1412-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Vollset SE, Refsum H, Tverdal A, Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Tell GS, Ueland PM. Plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001;74(1):130-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Ciaccio M, Bellia C. Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular risk: effect of vitamin supplementation in risk reduction. Current Clinical Pharmacology. 2010;5:30-36. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Arnadottir M, Hultberg B, Berg AL. Plasma total homocysteine concentration in nephrotic patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2001;16(1):45-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Dogra G, Irish AB, Watts GF. Homocysteine and nephrotic syndrome. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2001;16(8):1720-1. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Joven J, Arcelus R, Camps J, Ordonez-Llanos J, et al. Determinants of plasma homocyst(e)ine in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2000;78(3):147-54. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Frantzen F, Faaren AL, Alfheim I, Nordhei AK. Enzyme conversion immunoassay for determining total homocysteine in plasma or serum. Clin Chem. 1998;44(2):311-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Eckardt KU, Berns JS, Rocco MV, Kasiske BL. Definition and classification of CKD: the debate should be about patient prognosis--a position statement from KDOQI and KDIGO. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(6):915-20. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Oyedeji GA. Socio-economic and Cultural Background of Hospitalised Children in Ilesha. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics. 1985;12(4):111-117. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Podda GM, Lussana F, Moroni G, Faioni EM, Lombardi R, Fontana G, Ponticelli C, Maioli C, Cattaneo M. Abnormalities of homocysteine and B vitamins in the nephrotic syndrome. Thromb Res. 2007;120(5):647-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Tenderenda E, Korzeniecka-Kozerska A, Porowski T, Wasilewska A, Zoch-Zwierz W. Serum and urinary homocysteine in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2011;31(184):204-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Rogers G, Selhub J, Bowman BA, et al. Serum total homocysteine concentrations in adolescent and adult Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69(3):482-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Suliman ME, Divino Filho JC, Barany P, Anderstam B, Lindholm B, Bergstrom J. Effects of high-dose folic acid and pyridoxine on plasma and erythrocyte sulfur amino acids in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(6):1287-96. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Bates CJ, Mansoor MA, J G. Correlates of plasma homocysteine, cysteine and cysteinyl-glycine in respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of young people aged 4–18 years, and a comparison with the survey of people aged 65 years and over. British Journal of Nutrition. 2002;87(1):71-9. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D et al. Distribution of and factors associated with serum homocysteine levels in children: child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. Journal of American Medical Association. 1999;281(13):1189-96. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Tonstad S, Refsum H, Sivertsen M, Christophersen B, Ose L, Ueland PM. Relation of total homocysteine and lipid levels in children to premature cardiovascular death in male relatives. Pediatric Research. 1996;40:47-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Bjorke MAL, Refsum H, Markestad T, Ueland PM. Cobalamin status and its biochemical markers methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in different age groups from 4 days to 19years. Clinincal Chemistry. 2003;49:2067-2075. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Rosenblatt DS, Whitehead VM. Cobalamin and folate deficiency: acquired and hereditary disorders in children. Semin Hematol. 1999;36(1):19-34. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Stanger O, Herrmann W, Pietrzik K, Fowler B, Geisel J, Dierkes J, Weger M. DACH-LIGA homocystein (german, austrian and swiss homocysteine society): consensus paper on the rational clinical use of homocysteine, folic acid and B-vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases: guidelines and recommendations. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41(11):1392-403. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Bostom AG, Kronenberg F, Jacques PF, Kuen E, Ritz E, Konig P. Proteinuria and plasma total homocysteine levels in chronic renal disease patients with a normal range serum creatinine: critical impact of true glomerular filtration rate. Atherosclerosis. 2001;159(1):219-223. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Mydlik M, Derzsiova K. Renal replacement therapy and secondary hyperoxalemia in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 2001;78:S304-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. van Buuren AJ, Louw ME, Shephard GS, Labadarios D. The effect of pyridoxine supplementation on plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels in children with the nephrotic syndrome. Clinical Nephrology. 1987;28(2):81-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  34. Okunola O, Akinsola A, Ayodele O. Kidney diseases in Africa: aetiological considerations, peculiarities and burden. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2012;41(2):119-33. PubMed | Google Scholar

  35. Harmon DL, Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, McMaster D, Young IS, McCrum EE, Gey KF, Whitehead AS, Evans AE. The common 'thermolabile' variant of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase is a major determinant of mild hyperhomocysteinaemia. QJM .1996;89(8):571-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  36. Klerk M, Verhoef P, Clarke R, Blom HJ, Kok FJ, Schouten EG. MTHFR 677C-->T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002;288(16):2023-31. PubMed | Google Scholar

  37. Silva LS, Oliveira RA, Silva GB, Lima JW, Silva RP, Liborio AB, Daher EF, Sobrinho CR. Cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis in a developing country. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2012;23(2):262-6. PubMed | Google Scholar