References

    1. Robinson M, Clark P. Forging solutions to health worker migration. Lancet. 2008;371(9613):691-693. PubMed | Google Scholar

    2. Buchan LC. Summary: The global shortage of registered nurses. In In The Global Nursing Review Initiative. Geneva: International Council of Nurses. 2005; 1-24.

    3. Camerino D, Cesana GC, Molteni G, Vito G, Evaristi C, Latocca R. Job strain and musculoskeletal disorders of Italian nurses. Occupational Ergonomics. 2001; 2(4):215-22. PubMed | Google Scholar

    4. Mayanja B. Mulago hospital nurses to work 12 hours a day. In The New Vision, online edition. pp. http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/640082-mulago-hospital-nurses-to-work-640012-hours-a-day.html. Kampala: The New Vision Printing & Publishing Company Limited 2013:http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/640082-mulago-hospital-nurses-to-work-640012-hours-a-day.html.

    5. Naturinda S: Nurses reject 12-hour work plan. In The Daily Monitor. pp. http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Nurses-reject-12-hour-work-plan/-/688334/1697012/-/d1697014vqo1697018z/-/index.html. Kampala: The Nation Media Group; 2013:http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Nurses-reject-12-hour-work-plan/-/688334/1697012/-/d1697014vqo1697018z/-/index.html.

    6. Gillespie A, Curzio J. A comparison of a 12-hour and eight-hour shift system. Nurs Times. 1996; 92(39):36-39. PubMed | Google Scholar

    7. Bloodworth C, Lea A, Lane S, Ginn R. Challenging the myth of the 12-hour shift: a pilot evaluation. Nurs Stand. 2001; 15(29):33-36. PubMed | Google Scholar

    8. Hasan-Stein L. Two hospitals report: the pros and cons of 12-hour shifts. Nurs N Z. 1998; 4(2):14-15. PubMed | Google Scholar

    9. Stimpfel AW, Lake ET, Barton S, Gorman KC, Aiken LH. How differing shift lengths relate to quality outcomes in pediatrics. J Nurs Adm. 2013; 43(2):95-100. PubMed | Google Scholar

    10. Warren A, Tart RC. Fatigue and charting errors: the benefit of a reduced call schedule. AORN J. 2008; 88(1):88-95. PubMed | Google Scholar

    11. Scott LD, Rogers AE, Hwang WT, Zhang Y. Effects of critical care nurses' work hours on vigilance and patients' safety. Am J Crit Care. 2006; 15(1):30-37. PubMed | Google Scholar

    12. Hoffman AJ, Scott LD. Role stress and career satisfaction among registered nurses by work shift patterns. J Nurs Adm.2003; 33(6):337-342. PubMed | Google Scholar

    13. Chen J, Davis KG, Daraiseh NM, Pan W, Davis LS. Fatigue and recovery in 12-hour dayshift hospital nurses. J Nurs Manag.20. PubMed | Google Scholar

    14. Chen J, Davis LS, Davis KG, Pan W, Daraiseh NM. Physiological and behavioural response patterns at work among hospital nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2011; 19(1):57-68. PubMed | Google Scholar

    15. Hopcia K, Dennerlein JT, Hashimoto D, Orechia T, Sorensen G. Occupational injuries for consecutive and cumulative shifts among hospital registered nurses and patient care associates: a case-control study. Workplace Health Saf. 2012; 60(10):437-444. PubMed | Google Scholar

    16. Yoder EA. Compassion fatigue in nurses. Appl Nurs Res. 2010; 23(4):191-197. PubMed | Google Scholar

    17. Geiger-Brown J, Trinkoff AM. Is it time to pull the plug on 12-hour shifts? Part 3. harm reduction strategies if keeping 12-hour shifts. J Nurs Adm. 2010; 40(9):357-359. PubMed | Google Scholar

    18. Simunic A, Gregov L. Conflict between work and family roles and satisfaction among nurses in different shift systems in Croatia: a questionnaire survey. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol .2012; 63(2):189-197. PubMed | Google Scholar

    19. Hildebrandt VH, Bongers PM, van Dijk FJ, Kemper HC, Dul J. Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: description and basic qualities. Ergonomics. 2001; 44(12):1038-1055. PubMed | Google Scholar

    20. Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-Sorensen F, Andersson G, Jorgensen K. Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon .1987; 18(3):233-237. PubMed | Google Scholar

    21. Chiou WK, Wong MK, Lee YH. Epidemiology of low back pain in Chinese nurses. Int J Nurs Stud .1994; 31(4):361-368. PubMed | Google Scholar

    22. Smith DR, Leggat PA. Musculoskeletal disorders among rural Australian nursing students. Aust J Rural Health. 2004; 12(6):241-245. PubMed | Google Scholar

    23. van den Heuvel SG, van der Beek AJ, Blatter BM, Hoogendoorn WE, Bongers PM. Psychosocial work characteristics in relation to neck and upper limb symptoms. Pain. 2005; 114(1-2):47-53. PubMed | Google Scholar

    24. van Beurden KM, Vermeulen SJ, Anema JR, van der Beek AJ.A participatory return-to-work program for temporary agency workers and unemployed workers sick-listed due to musculoskeletal disorders: a process evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. J Occup Rehabil. 2012; 22(1):127-140. PubMed | Google Scholar

    25. Engels JA, van der Gulden JW, Senden TF, van't Hof B. Work related risk factors for musculoskeletal complaints in the nursing profession: results of a questionnaire survey. Occup Environ Med. 1996; 53(9):636-641. PubMed | Google Scholar

    26. Janwantanakul P, Pensri P, Jiamjarasrangsi W, Sinsongsook T. Associations between prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms of the spine and biopsychosocial factors among office workers. J Occup Health. 2009; 51:114-122. PubMed | Google Scholar

    27. Wijnhoven HA, de Vet HC, Picavet HS. Explaining sex differences in chronic musculoskeletal pain in a general population. Pain. 2006; 124(1-2):158-166. PubMed | Google Scholar

    28. Descatha A, Roquelaure Y, Chastang JF, Evanoff B, Melchior M, Mariot C, Ha C, Imbernon E, Goldberg M, Leclerc A. Validity of Nordic-style questionnaires in the surveillance of upper-limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007; 33(1):58-65. PubMed | Google Scholar

    29. Dickinson CE, Campion K, Foster AF, Newman SJ, O'Rourke AM, Thomas PG:.Questionnaire development: an examination of the Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire. Appl Ergon. 1992; 23(3):197-201. PubMed | Google Scholar

    30. Franzblau A, Salerno DF, Armstrong TJ, Werner RA.Test-retest reliability of an upper-extremity discomfort questionnaire in an industrial population. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997; 23(4):299-307. PubMed | Google Scholar

    31. Palmer K, Smith G, Kellingray S, Cooper C. Repeatability and validity of an upper limb and neck discomfort questionnaire: the utility of the standardized Nordic questionnaire. Occup Med (Lond). 1999; 49(3):171-175. PubMed | Google Scholar

    32. Hildebrandt VH: Prevention of work related musculoskeletal disorders: setting priorities using the standardized Dutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Doctoral thesis. Hoofddorp: TNO Work and Employment; 2001. Google Scholar

    33. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (CIOMS) in collaboration with the World Health Organization Geneva: WHO; 1993. Google Scholar

    34. Sherehiy B, Karwowski W, Marek T. Relationship between risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders in the nursing profession: a systematic review. Occup Ergon .2004; 4:241-279. PubMed | Google Scholar

    35. Uganda Health Systems Assessment pp 43-55. Ministry of Health. 2011;43-55. Google Scholar

    36. Knauth P. The design of shift systems. Ergonomics. 1993; 36(1-3):15-28. PubMed | Google Scholar

    37. Knauth P. Designing better shift systems. Appl Ergon. 1996; 27(1):39-44. PubMed | Google Scholar

    38. Josten EJC, NG-A-Tham JEE, Thierry H. The effects of extended workdays on fatigue, health, performance and satisfaction in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing .2003; 44(6):643-652. PubMed | Google Scholar

    39. Spaeth R. The problem of fatigue. Journal of Industrial Hygiene. 1919; 1(1):22-53. PubMed | Google Scholar