References

  1. A professional's guide to hepatitis B. British Liver Trust 2009. Southampton Road and Ringwood, BH24 1HY. Google Scholar

  2. Lok ASF and McMahon BJ. Chronic Hepatitis B: Update. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Practice Guidelines Hepatology. 2009; 50 (3): 1-36. PubMed | Google Scholar

  3. Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, O'callaghan C J, Whittle HC, Hall AJ. Epidemiological Patterns of Hepatitis B Virus in Highly Endemic Areas. Epidemiol Infect.1996; 117(2):313-325. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. WHO. Department of communicable diseases surveillance and response. 2002. Hepatitis B. Online available from http://WWW.who.int/emt. Accessed on June 23, 2012. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Abebe A, Nokes J, Dejene A, Enquselassie F, Messele T,Cutts T. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: transmission patterns and vaccine control. Epidemiol Infect. 2003; 131(1): 756-770. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Kefenie H, Rapicetta M, Rossi G B, Bisanti L, Bekura D, Morace G, Palladino P, Rienzo A D, Conti S, Bassani F, Bertolaso G, Pasquini P. A nationwide seroepidemiological study of hepatitis B markers prevalence was conducted in Ethiopia on 5,270 young males from all regions of the country. Journal of Medical Virology. 2005; 24(1): 75-84. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Pasquini P, Bisanti L, Soldo L, Palladino P, Rozera C, Frontini E, Miozzo A, Di Gennaro TM, Indi A, Conti S, et al. Hepatitis B infections in the Arsi region of Ethiopia. Eur J Epidemiol.1988; 4(3):310-313. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Shimelis T, Torben W, Medhin G, Tebeje M, Andualm A, Demessie F, Mulu A, Tegbaru B and Gebre-Selassie S. Hepatitis B virus infection among attendants of VCT and ART clinic of Saint Paul's General Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Sex Transm Infect. 2007; 84(1):37-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Tessema B, Yismaw G, Kassu A, Amsalu A, Mulu A, Emmrich F, Sack U. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis infections among blood donors at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: declining trends over a period of five years. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2010; 10(111):1-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Negero A, Sisay Z, Medhin G. Prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among visitors of Shashemene General Hospital voluntary counseling and testing center. BMC Research Notes. 2011; 4 (35):1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Won Yoon J and Sook Jun H. Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text.3rd Edition. 2004. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Halota W, Muszynska M, Pawlowska M. Hepatitis B virus serologic markers and anti-hepatitis B vaccination in patients with diabetes. Med Sci Monit. 2002; 8(7):516-519. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Thompson Nicola D. and Perz Joseph F. Eliminating the Blood: Ongoing Outbreaks of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and the Need for Innovative Glucose Monitoring Technologies. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology. 2009; 3(2):283-288. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Physician's guide to Hepatitis B a silent killer. 2007. Asian Liver Center at Stanford University. Google Scholar

  15. Judi L, Toukan A, Khader Y, Ajlouni K, and Khatib M. Prevalence of elevated hepatic transaminases among Jordanian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med. 2010; 30 (1): 25-32. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Sheth S, G and Chopra S. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Uptodate. 2010;18(2):1-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. David M, Peter M. Fields Virology. 5th Edition. 2007. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2978-3014. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Murray P R, Rosenthal K S, P faller M A. Medical Microbiology.5th ed. 2005. Elsevier Mosby. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Sharma S.K, Saini N, Chwla Y. Hepatitis B Virus: Inactive carriers. Virology Journal. 2005; 2 (82):1-5. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Fauci, Braunwald, Kasper, Hauser, Longo, Jameson, Loscazo. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine .Seventeenth Edition. 2008. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Blonski W, Kotlyar D S, Forde K A. Non-viral causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(29): 3603-3615. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. El-Ottol A, Elmanama A, Ayesh B. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among haemodialysis patients in Gaza strip, Palestine. Virology Journal. 2010; 7: 210. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Chen H-F, Yi Li Ch, Chen P, Ting T, Yu Lee H. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006; 69(4):146-152. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Kew MC, Mackay M E, Mindel A, Joffe B, Kusman B, Macnab G M, Seftel H C. Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Antibody in White and Black Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001; 4(6): 467-469. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Kilic D, Kaygusuz S, Agalar C , Guliter S , Cakmak A and Sezikli M. HGV prevalence in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and HGV infection. J Infect Developing Countries. 2007; 1(2):189-194. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Onyekwere CA, Anomneze EE, Wali S. Prevalence of serological markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in diabetics in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2002; 9(3): 129-133. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Gulcan A, Gulcan E, Toker A, Bulut I, Akcan Y. Evaluation of risk factors and seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in diabetic patients in Kutahya, Turkey. J Investig Med.2008;56(6):858-863. PubMed | Google Scholar