References

  1. Symonds EM, Symonds LM. Essential Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004. UK. Churchill Livingstone.

  2. Calis KA, Popat V, Dang DK, Kalantaridou SN. Dysmenorrhea. eMedicine Gynecology and Obstetrics. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253812-overview. Accessed 15 May 2010.

  3. French L. Dysmenorrhea. American Family Physician. 2005; 71(2):285-91. PubMed | Google Scholar

  4. Henderson CW. ACOG issues guide-lines on diagnosis and treatment of PMS. Women's Health Weekly. 2000; 5(6):20-2. PubMed | Google Scholar

  5. Cerin A, Collins A, Landgren BM, Eneroth P. Hormonal and biochemical profiles of premenstrual syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1993; 72:337-43. PubMed | Google Scholar

  6. Dawood MY. Advances in primary dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Aug; 108(2):428-41. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Smith S, Schiff I. The premenstrual syndrome: diagnosis and management. Fertil Steril.1989; 52:527-43. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Dickerson LM, Pharm D, Mzyck PJ, Hunter MH. Practical therapeutics: premenstrual Syndrome. American family physician. 2003; 67(8):1743-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Freeman EW, Sondheimer SJ. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: recognition and treatment. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;5(1):30-39. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994; 714-8.

  11. Tangchai K, Titapant V, Boriboonhirunsarn D. Dysmenorrhea in Thai adolescents: prevalence, impact and knowledge of treatment. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004; 87(3):69-73. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Chongpensuklert Y, Kaewrudee S, Soontrapa S, Sakondhavut C. Dysmenorrhea in Thai secondary school students in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Thai Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2008 Jan; 16(1):47-53. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Klein JR, Litt IF. Epidemiology of adolescent dysmenorrhea. Pediatrics. 1981; 68(5):661-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. Banikarim C, Chacko MR, Kelder SH. Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on Hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154:1226-29. PubMed | Google Scholar

  15. Cakir M, Mungan I, Karakas T, Girisken I et al. Menstrual pattern and common menstrual disorders among university students in Turkey. Pediatr Int. 2007 Dec;49(6):938-42. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Lee LK, Chen PY, Lee KK, Kaur J. Menstruation among adolescent girls in Malaysia: a cross-sectional school survey. Singapore Med J. 2006; 47(10):869-74. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Liliwati I, Verna LM, Khairani O. Dysmenorrhoea and its effects on school activities among adolescent girls in a rural school in Selangor, Malaysia. Med & Health. 2007; 2(1):42-7. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Chan SC, Yiu KW, Yuen PM, Sahota DS et al. Menstrual problems and health-seeking behavior in Hong Kong Chinese girls. Hong Kong Med J. 2009 Feb; 15( 1):18-23. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Esimai OA, Esan GOO. Awareness of menstrual abnormality among college students in urban areas of Ile-Ife, Osun, State, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2010 Jan; 35(1):63-6. PubMed | Google Scholar

  20. Thomas KD, Okonofua FE, Chiboka O. A study of the menstrual patterns of adolescents in Ile Ife, Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1990 Sep;33(1):31-4. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. El-Gilany A-H, Badawi K, El-Fedawy S. Epidemiology of dysmenorrhea among adolescent students in Mansoura, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2005; 11(1):155-63. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Zegeye DT, Megabiaw B, Mulu A. Age at menarche and the menstrual pattern of secondary school adolescents in northwest Ethiopia. BMC Women's Health. 2009; 1-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Prazzini F, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Luchini L et al. Cigarrete smoking, alcohol consumption, and risky of primary dysmenorrhea. Epidemiology Resource Inc. 1994; 5(4):469. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Harlow SD, Park M. A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996 Nov;103(11):1134-42. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, Hills R et al. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2006 Apr 1;332(7544):749-55. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Nourjah P. Premenstrual syndrome among Teacher Training University students in Iran. J Obstet Gynecol India. 2008; 58(1):49-52. PubMed | Google Scholar

  27. Balaha MH, Amr MM , Moghannum MA, Muhaidab NA. The phenomenology of premenstrual syndrome in female medical students: a cross sectional study. Pan African Medical Journal. 2010 Apr; 1-14. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Fujiwara T, Nakata R. Young Japanese college students with dysmenorrhea have high frequency of irregular menstruation and premenstrual symptoms. The Open Medical Informatics Journal. 2007; 1:8-11. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Singh A, Kiran D, Singh H et al. Prevalence and severity of dysmenorrheal: a problem related to menstruation among first and second year female medical students. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008; 52(4):389-97. PubMed | Google Scholar

  30. Thu M, Diaz EO, Kapaw S. Premenstrual syndrome among female university students in Thailand. AU J T. 2006; 9(3):158-62. PubMed | Google Scholar

  31. Antai AB, Udezi et al. Premenstrual syndrome: prevalence in students of the University of Calabar, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2004; 7:45 -50. PubMed | Google Scholar

  32. Tenkir A, Fisseha N, Ayele B. Premenstrual syndrome: prevalence and effect on academic and social performance of students in Jimma Uniersity, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2003; 17(3):181-8. PubMed | Google Scholar

  33. Mekonnen D, Seyuom A, Hindeya H, Alehegn M. Statistical and program guideline bulletin of Bahir Dar University. Bahir Dar University. 2010 Mar; 1(1):1-27. PubMed | Google Scholar