References

  1. National AIDS Control Programme. National guidelines for the clinical management of HIV and AIDS. Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; 2005.

  2. United Republic of Tanzania. HIV/AIDS care and treatment plan 2003-2008. Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; 2003.

  3. Kagera Regional Hospital. Kagera Regional Hospital annual report. Bukoba, Tanzania; 2006.

  4. Magafu GMDM. Antiretroviral therapy programmes: a success or failure? The case of Kagera in Tanzania. Saarbrucken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co KG; 2011.

  5. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS/World Health Organisation (UNAIDS/WHO). AIDS epidemic update: executive summary. Geneva; 2004.

  6. Gopal M, Bhaskaran A, Khalife WI, et al. Heart disease in patients with HIV/AIDS – an emerging clinical problem. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2009; (5)2: 149-154. PubMed | Google Scholar

  7. Chu C, Umanski G, Blank A, et al. Comorbidity-related treatment outcomes among HIV-infected adults in Bronx, NY. J Urban Health. 2011; 88(3): 507-516. PubMed | Google Scholar

  8. Cailhol J, Nkurunziza B, Izzedine H, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among people living with HIV/AIDS in Burundi: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2011; 12:40. PubMed | Google Scholar

  9. Colvin CJ. HIV/AIDS, chronic diseases and globalisation. Global health. 2011; 7:31. PubMed | Google Scholar

  10. Miaskowski C, Penko JM, Guzman D, et al. Occurrence and characteristics of chronic pain in a community-based cohort of indigent adults living with HIV infection. J Pain. 2011; 12(9): 1004-1016. PubMed | Google Scholar

  11. Reiss P. HIV, co-morbidity and ageing. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012; 15(Suppl 4): 18073. PubMed | Google Scholar

  12. Rodriguez-Penney AT, Iudicello JE, Riggs PK, et al. Co-morbidities in persons infected with HIV: increased burden with older age and negative effects on health-related quality of life. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2013; 27(1):5-16. PubMed | Google Scholar

  13. Unwin N, Setel P, Rashid S, Mugusi F, Mbanya JC, et al. Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: where do they feature in the health research agenda?. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79(10):947-53. PubMed | Google Scholar

  14. WHO. Non communicable diseases. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/index.html. Last accessed 20 April 2013.

  15. Wyss K, Wagner AK, Whitining D, et al. Validation of the Kiswahili version of the SF-36 Health Survey in a representative sample of an urban population in Tanzania. Qual Life Res. 1999; 8(1-2): 111-120. PubMed | Google Scholar

  16. Ware JE. SF-36 Health Survey update. Spine. 2000; 25(24): 3130-3139. PubMed | Google Scholar

  17. Wagner AK, Wyss K, Gandek B, et al. A Kiswahili version of the SF-36 Health Survey for use in Tanzania: translation and tests of scaling assumptions. Qual Life Res. 1999; 8(1-2): 101-110. PubMed | Google Scholar

  18. Hardon A, Davey S, Gerrits T, et al. From access to adherence: the challenges of antiretroviral treatment: studies from Botswana, Tanzania and Uganda. 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. PubMed | Google Scholar

  19. Ware JE, Kosinski M and Gandek, B. SF-36 Health Survey: manual and interpretation guide. Lincoln, USA: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2000.

  20. Arpinelli F, Visona G, Bruno R, et al. Health-related quality of life in asymptomatic patients with HIV: evaluation of the SF-36 Health Survey in Italian patients. Pharmacoeconomics. 2000; 18(1): 63-72. PubMed | Google Scholar

  21. Campsmith ML, Nakashima KA and Davidson AJ. Self-reported health-related quality of life in persons with HIV infection: results from a multi-site interview project. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003; 1-12. PubMed | Google Scholar

  22. Eriksson LE, Bratt GA, Sandstrom E, et al. The two-year impact of first generation protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (PI-ART) on health-related quality. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005; 3: 32. PubMed | Google Scholar

  23. Hays RD, Cunningham WE, Sherbourne C, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: results from the HIV cost and services utilisation study. Am J Med. 2000; 108(9): 714-722. PubMed | Google Scholar

  24. Liu C, Ostrow D, Detels D, et al. Impacts of HIV infection and HAART use on quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2006; 15(6): 941-949. PubMed | Google Scholar

  25. Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, et al. A simulation of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996; 49(12): 1373-1379. PubMed | Google Scholar

  26. Hosmer DW and Lemeshow S. Applied logistic regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.

  27. Wu AW, Hays RD, Kelly S, et al. Applications of the Medical Outcomes study health-related quality of life measures in HIV/AIDS. Qual Life Res. 1997; 6(6): 531-554. PubMed | Google Scholar

  28. Nemeth, G. Health-related quality of life outcome instruments. Eur Spine J. 2006; 15 Suppl 1: S44-51. PubMed | Google Scholar

  29. Katusiime C, Kambugu A. Non-communicable diseases among elderly patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection at an urban clinic in a resource-limited setting. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012; 15(Suppl 4):18161. PubMed | Google Scholar