References
- World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2003: Shaping the Future. 2003. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO. Google Scholar
- World Health Organization. Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment. 2005. Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Press. Google Scholar
- Muna WF. Cardiovascular disorders in Africa. World Health Stat Q. 1993; 46(2):12-133. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Akinboboye O, Idris O, Akinboboye O, Akinkugbe O. Trends in coronary artery disease and associated risk factors in sub-Saharan Africans. J Hum Hypertens. 2003; 17(6): 381-387. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Williams R, Van Gaal, Lucioni C. Assessing the impact of the costs of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2002; 45(7):13-17. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Massi-Benedetti M. CODE 2 Advisory Board. The costs of diabetes type 2 in Europe; the CODE-2 study. Diabetologia. 2002; 45(7): 1- 4. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Jeganathan VS, Wang JJ, Wong TY. Ocular associations of diabetes other than diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31(9): 1905-1912. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Seedat YK. Impact of poverty on hypertension and cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2007; 18(5): 316-320. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Moukouri ED, Moli TM, Nouedoui C. Les aspects épidémiologiques de la rétinopathie diabétique à Yaoundé. Med Afr Noire. 1995; 42: 424-428. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Moukouri EN, Ngu KB. Microalbuminuria and retinopathy in a diabetic population in Cameroon. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999; 44(3): 186-191. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Diallo J. La rétinopathie diabétique à Dakar. Med Afr Noire. 1972; 19(12): 885-890. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Lester FT. Diabetes mellitus. Clinical features in 404 Europians. Ethiopia Med J. 1976; 14(4) : 185-198. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Wade A. La rétinopathie diabétique chez les Noirs Africains. Med Afr Noire. 1979; 26(12) : 913-916. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Koki G, Assumpta LB, Eballe AO, Epee E, Sobngwi
E et al. Rétinopathie diabétique du Noir africain
: étude angiographique. Santé .2010; 20(3) : 127-132. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- El Mahdi EM, Abdel Rahman I, Mukhtar S. Pattern of diabetes mellitus in the Sudan. Trop Geogr Med. 1989; 41(4): 353-357. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Nambuya AP, Otim MA, Whitehead H, Mulvany D, Kennedy R, Hadden DR. The presentation of newly-diagnosed diabetic patients in Uganda. QJM. 1996; 89(9): 705-711. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Elbagir MN, Eltom MA, Mahadi EO, Berne C. Pattern of long-term complications in Sudanese insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995; 30(1): 59-67. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Djrolo F, Doutetien C, Attolou V. La microangiopathie diabétique : Etude de la concordance entre la rétinopathie et la néphropathie dans une population de diabétiques noirs africains à Cotonou (Bénin). Santé. 2001; 11(2): 105-109. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Crini S, Cipolli D, Infantone E, Infantone L, Lunetta M. Microalbuminuria and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetic patients: Association and relationship with some risk factors. Diabete & Metabolism. 1995; 21(6): 440-445. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Pedersen ML, Jacobsen JL, Lynge AR. Micro and macrovascular complications among Greenlanders and Danes with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nuuk, Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2009; 69(2): 195-207. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Rolfe M. Diabetic eye disease in Central Africa. Diabetologia. 1988; 31(2): 88-92. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Elmahdi EM, Kaballo AM, Mukhtar EA. Features of non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the Sudan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1991; 11(1): 59-63. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Niang EH, Diop SN, Sidibe EA, Badiane M, Lamouche JP, Sow AM. Echographic and velocimetric aspects of arteriopathies in the diabetic. Dakar Med. 1994; 39(1): 37-42. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Sano D, Tieno H, Drabo Y, Sanou A. Prise en charge du pied diabétique à propos de 42 cas au CHU de Ouagadougou. Med Afr Noire. 1999; 46(6): 307-311. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Mills JL Beckett WC, Spence M, Taylor M. The diabetic foot consequences of delay treatment and referral. South Med J. 1991; 84(8): 970-974. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Hunt JA. Foot infections in diabetes are rarely due to a single micro-organism. Diabetic Med. 1992; 9(8): 749-752. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Larsson J, Apelqvist J, Castenfors J, Agardh CD, Stenstrom A. A distal blood pressure as a predictor for the level of amputation in diabetic patients with foot ulcer. Foot Ankle. 1993; 14(5): 247-253. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Apelqvist J, Bakker K, van Houtum WH, Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Schaper NC. International consensus and practical guidelines on the management and the prevention of the diabetic foot. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000; 16(Suppl 1): 84-92. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Pedersen ML, Jacobsen JL, Lynge AR. Micro and macrovascular complications among Greenlanders and Danes with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nuuk, Greenland. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2009; 69(2): 195-207. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Feldt-Rasmussen B. Microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Metab. 2000; 26(suppl 4): 64-66. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Halimi JM, Hadjadj S, Aboyans V, Allaert FA, Artigou JY, Beaufils M, Berrut G, Fauvel JP, Gin H, Nitenberg A, Renversez JC, Rusch E, Valensi P, Cordonnier D. Microalbuminurie et excrétion urinaire d'albumine: recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Nephrol Ther. 2007; 3(6): 384-391. PubMed | Google Scholar
- American Diabetes Association. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004. USA. American Diabetes Association. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Tanasescu M, Leitzmann MF, Rimm EB, Hu FB. Physical activity in relation to cardiovascular disease and total mortality among men with type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2003; 107(19): 2435-2439. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Perkovic V, Verdon C, Ninomiya T, Barzi1 F, Cass
A et al.
The Relationship between Proteinuria and Coronary Risk:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med. 2008;
5(10): 1486-1495. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Gilbert RE, Tsalamandris C, Allen TJ, Colville D, Jerum G. Early nephropathy predicts vision threatening retinal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9(1): 85-89. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Campos-Pastor MM, Escobar-Jiménez F, Mezquita P,
Herrera-Pombo JL, et al.
Factors associated with microalbuminuria in type 1
diabetes mellitus : a cross sectional study. Diabetes
Res Clin Pract. 2000; 48(1): 43-49. PubMed | Google
Scholar
- Voutilainen RM, Teräsvirta ME, Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK. Occurrence and predictors of retinopathy and visual acuity in type 2 diabetic patients and control subjects. 10-year follow up from the diagnosis. J Diabetes Complications. 2001; 15(1): 24-33. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Marre M. Microalbuminurie : signification et intérêt. Presse Med. 1993; 22(23): 1098-1103. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Marre M, Girault A, Vasmont D. Prevalence of microalbuminuria in french type 2 diabetics followed by their general practitionner. Diabetes & Metabolism. 1995; 21(1): 34-40. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Romero P, Espeso O, Del Castillo D. Estudio prospectivo de correlacion entre retinopatia diabética y microalbuminuria en pacientes diabeticos tipo I. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2000; 75(5): 307-314. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kingue S, Binam F, Pouth SF, Ouankou MD, Muna WF. Coronary artery disease in Cameroon: epidemiological and clinical aspects (30 cases). Ann Oncol. 2000; 26(101):7-11. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Kamotho C, Ogola EO, Joshi M, Gikonyo D. Cardiovascular risk factor profile of black Africans undergoing coronary angiography. East Afr Med J. 2004; 81(2): 82-86. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Thornalley PJ, McLellan AC, Lo TW, Benn J, Sönksen PH. Negative association between erythrocyte reduced glutathione concentration and diabetic complications. Clin Sci. 1996; 91(5):575-582. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Chous P. Diabète et yeux : ce que les personnes atteintes de diabète et les professionnels de la santé doivent savoir. Diabetes Voice. 2009; 54(3): 30-33. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Bloomgarden ZT. Screening for and managing diabetic retinopathy: current approaches. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007; 64(17 suppl 12): 8-14. PubMed | Google Scholar
- Epacka Ewane M, Mandengue SH, Ahmadou G, Moumbe Tamba S, Dzudie A, Luma HN. Dépistage des maladies cardiovasculaires et des facteurs de risque dans une cohorte de 270 Camerounais: Effets des activités physiques et sportives. MmM 2011; 5(6): 655-8. Google Scholar
- Awah PK, Kengne AP, Fezeu LK, Mbanya JC.
Perceived risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and
diabetes in Cameroon. Health Educ Res. 2007; 23(4):
612-620. PubMed | Google
Scholar