References

  1. Ben Chaabane N, Ben Youssef H, Ghedira A, Loghmeri H, Melki W, Hellara O, et al. Épidémiologie des hémorragies digestives hautes en Tunisie. Acta Endosc. 2010;40(3):176-82

  2. Elghuel A. The characteristics of adults with upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted to Tripoli Medical Center: a retrospective case-series analysis. Libyan J Med. 2011 Mar 7;6. doi: 10.3402/ljm.v6i0.6283. This article on PubMed

  3. Mustapha S, Ajayi N, Shehu A. Aetiology Of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding In North-Eastern Nigeria: A Retrospective Endoscopic Study. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine. 2009;8(2)

  4. Diarra M, Soucko-Diarra A, Dolo M, Traore H, Diallo A. Hémorragies digestives hautes aiguës: Expérience d’un milieu rural. Acta Endosc. 2007;37(3):321-6

  5. Hernández-Díaz S, Rodríguez LAG. Incidence of serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding/perforation in the general population: review of epidemiologic studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Feb;55(2):157-63. This article on PubMed

  6. Fiore FD, Lecleire S, Merle V, Hervé S, Duhamel C, Dupas JL, et al. Changes in characteristics and outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: a comparison of epidemiology and practices between 1996 and 2000 in a multicentre French study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17(6):641-7. This article on PubMed

  7. Gallerani M, Simonato M, Manfredini R, Valpato S, Vigna G, Fellin R. Risk of hospitalization for upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2004;57(1):103-10. This article on PubMed

  8. Halland M, Young M, Fitzgerald MN, Inder K, Duggan JM, Duggan A. Characteristics and Outcomes of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in a Tertiary Referral Hospital. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(12):3430-5. This article on PubMed

  9. Zaltman C, Souza HSPp De, Castro MEC, Sobral M De FS, Dias PCP, Lemos Jr V. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a Brazilian hospital: a retrospective study of endoscopic records. Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2002;39(2):74-80. This article on PubMed

  10. Sezgin O, Altintas E, Tombak A. Effects of seasonal variations on acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding and its etiology. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2007;18(3):172-6. This article on PubMed

  11. Ozdil B, Cosar A, Akkiz H, Sandikçi M. Atherosclerosis and acetylsalicylic acid are independent risk factors for hemorrhage in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2011 Feb;11(1):53-6. doi: 10.5152/akd.2011.010. This article on PubMed

  12. Hernández-Díaz S, Rodríguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding/perforation: an overview of epidemiologic studies published in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2093-9. This article on PubMed

  13. Lau JY, Sung J, Hill C, Henderson C, Howden CW, Metz DC. Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Complicated Peptic Ulcer Disease: Incidence, Recurrence, Risk Factors and Mortality. Digestion. 2011;84(2):102-13. This article on PubMed

  14. Kasem AM, Kamal T, Chandra NN, Dayoub I, et al. Management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a district hospital. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2006 Aug;16(4):355-61. This article on PubMed

  15. Nahon S, Nouel O, Hagège H, Cassan P, Pariente A, Combes R, et al. Favorable prognosis of upper-gastrointestinal bleeding in 1041 older patients: results of a prospective multicenter study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(8):886-92. This article on PubMed

  16. Targownik LE, Nabalamba A. Trends in management and outcomes of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1993-2003. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(12):1459-66. This article on PubMed

  17. Leerdam ME, Vreeburg EM, Rauws EAJ, Geraedts AAM, Tijssen JGP, Reitsma JB, et al. Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change?. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(7):1494-9. This article on PubMed

  18. Alkhatib AA, Elkhatib FA, Alkhatib AA, Maldonado A, Abubakr SM, Adler DG. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly people: presentations, endoscopic findings, and outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(1):182-5. This article on PubMed

  19. Kawamura T, Yasuda K, Morikawa S, Itonaga M, Nakajima M. Current status of endoscopic management for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Digestive Endoscopy. 2010;22:S26-S30. This article on PubMed

  20. László A, Kelly JP, Kaufman DE, Sheehan JE, Rétsági G, Wiholm B-E, et al. Clinical aspects of upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 May;93(5):721-5. This article on PubMed

  21. Hershcovici T, Haklai Z, Gordon E-S, Zimmerman J. Trends in acute non-variceal bleeding in Israel in 1996–2007: A significant decrease in the rates of bleeding peptic ulcers. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2010 ;42(7):477-81. This article on PubMed

  22. Langner I, Mikolajczyk R, Garbe E. Regional and temporal variations in coding of hospital diagnoses referring to upper gastrointestinal and oesophageal bleeding in Germany. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:193. This article on PubMed

  23. Merle V, Thiéfin G, Czernichow P. Epidemiology of gastroduodenal complications associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2004;28 Spec No 3:C27-36. This article on PubMed

  24. Menniti-Ippolito F, Maggini M, Raschetti R, Da Cas R, Traversa G, Walker AM. Ketorolac use in outpatients and gastrointestinal hospitalization: a comparison with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Italy. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 1998;54(5):393-7. This article on PubMed

  25. Lee I, Cryer B. Epidemiology and Role of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Causing Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 2011;21(4):597-612. This article on PubMed

  26. Lanas A, García-Rodríguez LA, Polo-Tomás M, Ponce M, Alonso-Abreu I, Perez-Aisa MA, et al. Time trends and impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation in clinical practice. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(7):1633-41. This article on PubMed

  27. Nejjari C, Benjelloun MC, Berraho M, El Rhazi K, Tachfouti N, Elfakir S, et al. Prevalence and demographic factors of smoking in Morocco. Int J Public Health. 2009;54(6):447-51. This article on PubMed

  28. Tuo B, Wen G, Wei J, Liu X, Wang X, Zhang Y, et al. Estrogen regulation of duodenal bicarbonate secretion and sex-specific protection of human duodenum. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(3):854-63. This article on PubMed

  29. Smith A, Contreras C, Ko KH, Chow J, Dong X, Tuo B, et al. Gender-specific protection of estrogen against gastric acid-induced duodenal injury: stimulation of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Endocrinology. 2008;149(9):4554-66. This article on PubMed

  30. Nayeb-Hashemi H, Kaunitz JD. Gastroduodenal mucosal defense. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(6):537-43. This article on PubMed

  31. Schoon IM, Mellstrom D, Odén A, Ytterberg BO. Incidence of peptic ulcer disease in Gothenburg, 1985. BMJ. 1989;299(6708):1131-4. This article on PubMed

  32. Cho JH, Kim HM, Ko GJ, Woo ML, Moon CM, Kim YJ, et al. Old age and male sex are associated with increased risk of asymptomatic erosive esophagitis: Analysis of data from local health examinations by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2011;26(6):1034-8. This article on PubMed

  33. Crooks C, Card T, West J. Reductions in 28-Day Mortality Following Hospital Admission for Upper-Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2011 Jul;141(1):62-70. This article on PubMed

  34. Krige JE, Bornman PC, Goldberg PA, Terblanche J. Variceal rebleeding and recurrence after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy: a prospective evaluation in 204 patients. Arch Surg. 2000;135(11):1315-22. This article on PubMed

  35. Krige JE, Kotze UK, Bornman PC, Shaw JM, Klipin M. Variceal recurrence, rebleeding, and survival after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy in 287 alcoholic cirrhotic patients with bleeding esophageal varices. Ann Surg. 2006 Nov;244(5):764-70. This article on PubMed

  36. Tsesmeli NE, Kotsaftis PS, Savopoulos CG, Hatzitolios AI, Kaiafa GD, Kounanis AD, et al. Incidence and etiology of acute non-malignant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in northern Greece. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(7):1009-13. This article on PubMed

  37. Button LA, Roberts SE, Evans PA, Goldacre MJ, Akbari A, Dsilva R, et al. Hospitalized incidence and case fatality for upper gastrointestinal bleeding from 1999 to 2007: a record linkage study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(1):64-76. This article on PubMed

  38. Morales Uribe CH, Sierra Sierra S, Hernández Hernández AM, Arango Durango AF, López GA. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: risk factors for mortality in two urban centres in Latin America. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2011;103(1):20-4. This article on PubMed

&nb